<p>The Long Water is a recreational lake in Kensington Gardens, London, England, created in 1730 at the behest of Queen Caroline. The Long Water refers to the long and narrow western half of the lake that is known as the Serpentine. Serpentine Bridge, which marks the boundary between Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens, also marks the Long Water&#39;s eastern boundary.</p><br>
<p>The Long Water and the Serpentine are generally considered to be part of one lake.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Originally the lake was fed by the River Westbourne entering at the Italian Garden at the north-western end of the Long Water. The Westbourne ceased to provide the water for the Serpentine in 1834, as the river had become polluted,</p><br>
<p>and so water was then pumped from the Thames. The water is now supplied by three boreholes drilled into the Upper Chalk. The first borehole is located at the Italian Gardens, the second at the Diana Memorial and the third, drilled in 2012 to a depth of 132m, is within 50m of the Diana Memorial. The Long Water runs south-east from this point to Serpentine Bridge, where the lake curves to the east, following the natural contours of the land. At the eastern end, water flows out of the lake via a sluice in the dam, forming a small ornamental waterfall at the Dell. The outflow has not historically maintained the waterfall, and re-circulation pumps were installed in the Dell, below the dam, to sustain this feature. The restoration work in 2012 restored the flows into the Serpentine and this waterfall is now restored as originally designed. Historically the river flowed due south from this point, marking the boundary between Westminster and Kensington, but since 1850 it has been diverted into a culvert, running underground to reach the Thames near Chelsea Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The lake as a whole (including the Serpentine) has a maximum depth of 17 feet (5.3 m). The lake is often reported to be deeper, but bathymetric surveys by the Royal Park in 2010 revealed the design of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1730 Queen Caroline, wife of George II, ordered the damming of the River Westbourne in Hyde Park as part of a general redevelopment of Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens. Original monastic ponds may have existing in the location and these were modified as part of the 1730–1732 scheme to create a single lake. At that time, the Westbourne formed eleven natural ponds in the park. During the 1730s, the lake filled to its current size and shape. The redevelopment was carried out by Royal Gardener Charles Bridgeman, who dammed the Westbourne to create the artificial lake, and dug a large pond in the centre of Kensington Gardens (The Round Pond) to be a focal point for pathways in the park.</p><br>
<p>At the time of construction, artificial lakes were typically long and straight. The Serpentine was one of the earliest artificial lakes designed to appear natural, and was widely imitated in parks and gardens nationwide.</p><br>
<p>The lake achieved notoriety in December 1816 when Harriet Westbrook, the pregnant wife of the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, was found drowned in the Serpentine having left a suicide note addressed to her father, sister and husband. Shelley married Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin less than two weeks later.</p><br>
<p>The lake formed a focal point of the 1814 celebrations which marked a century of Hanoverian rule and re-enacted the British victory at Trafalgar nine years previously, and of the 1851 Great Exhibition, with the Crystal Palace standing on its southern shore. Following the introduction of more stringent regulations to protect the environment in the park, the relocation of the Crystal Palace, and the construction of the nearby Albertopolis complex of museums and exhibitions, large-scale events ceased to take place on the banks of the Serpentine. However, it was the location for the 1977 Silver Jubilee celebrations, and a venue for the 2012 Olympics.</p><br>
<p>In the 1820s, the park was extensively redesigned by Decimus Burton. At the same time, John Rennie built the Serpentine Bridge to carry the newly built West Carriage Drive along the boundary between Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens, dividing the lake into the Serpentine (east) and the Long Water (west).</p><br>
<h2>Environs</h2><br>
<p>At the northern end of the Long Water are five fountains surrounded by classical statuary and sculpture in an area officially known as the Italian Gardens. A large bronze memorial to Edward Jenner, the developer of modern vaccination, dominates the area; it was originally located in Trafalgar Square in 1858, but four years later was moved to its present site. In recent years there has been an ongoing campaign for the memorial to be moved to the empty plinth in Trafalgar Square.</p><br>
<p>The Long Water is designated as a bird sanctuary. It has important populations of breeding waterfowls, and in winter there are many migratory visitors. A 2005 survey showed it as home to 90 species of moth alone. On the western bank of the Long Water, deliberately hidden in foliage, is a bronze Peter Pan statue by George Frampton. The "real world" elements of the play and novel were set in the park and in the surrounding streets.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Buckingham Building is a 27-story skyscraper located at 59-67 E. Van Buren St. in the Loop neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. The building, which opened in 1930, has historically served as a mixed-use retail and office building. Chicago architects Holabird and Root designed the building in the Art Deco style. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 10, 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction plans for the Buckingham Building began in 1929. The building replaced an 1886 structure called the Athenaeum Building, a semi-public educational institution. As a result, the new building was called the New Athenaeum during its initial planning, though by 1929 it was known as the Buckingham Building. The building&#39;s office space opened to tenants in May 1930; its leasing agents promoted the space using both its proximity to Michigan Avenue and multiple modes of transportation and its views of Lake Michigan and Grant Park. Significant early tenants of the building included the Vacuum Oil Company, the American Railroad Association, and the National Hardwood Lumber Association. The first floor of the building was used as retail space, housing shops and restaurants. The Vacuum Oil Company merged with the Standard Oil Company of New York in 1931 to become the Socony-Vacuum Company, and the consolidated firm rented increasingly more space in the building. By 1940, the firm renamed the building the Socony-Vacuum Building upon signing a ten-year lease to its office space. The building later became known by its street address. It still includes both retail and office space, though it is now only partially occupied.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Chicago architects Holabird and Root, the successors to Chicago school pioneers Holabird and Roche, designed the Buckingham Building. The firm designed the building in the Art Deco style. The building has a concrete and steel frame, and its exterior is faced in brick, granite, and terra cotta. The front facade is composed of five bays divided by piers; the three central bays are faced with dark terra cotta to add vertical emphasis to the lighter piers. Floral-patterned spandrels separate each story&#39;s windows on the central bays. The first three floors are faced in black granite, and the storefronts are framed by dentillated aluminum. The twenty-second floor features decorative chocolate-colored terra cotta panels with a floral design, while the twenty-fifth floor has additional terra cotta decorations with a keystone motif.</p><br>
<p>Tilgate Lake is the biggest of three lakes at Tilgate Park, and remains a popular water activity centre and tourist attraction in Crawley, West Sussex.Tilgate Lake has a wide variety of outdoor activities open to the general public, such as archery, canoeing, fishing, kayaking, mountain biking, raft building, rowing, running, sailing, standup paddleboarding, swimming, team building, navigational challenges, tree climbing and zip trekking.</p><br>
<h2>Tilgate Lake Dam Project 2011</h2><br>
<p>As part of the Upper Mole Flood Alleviation Scheme, the raising of the dam at Tilgate Lake was completed in 2011, to provide additional flood storage, protecting hundreds of homes vulnerable to flooding in Furnace Green, Pound Hill, Three Bridges, Tinsley Green and Horley.</p><br>
<h2>Boating and sailing</h2><br>
<p>Available to hire are rowing boats, Laser Pico&#39;s, Toppers, Optimists and a Wayfarer for holders of a RYA level 2 or above qualification. Also available for hire (Nov 2013) are rowing boats, kayaks, canoes and mountain bikes. The latest up and coming sport is standup paddleboarding which is starting to catch on (to 2017).</p><br>
<p>The boat house was subject to deliberate Arson on September 24, 2013 and a number of kayaks were destroyed in the fire.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain biking</h2><br>
<p>A variety of forest trails have been established for both beginners and experienced riders through Tilgate Forest, under the banner of the British Schools Cycling Assosciation (BSCA).</p><br>
<h2>Go Ape</h2><br>
<p>Go Ape is tree climbing and zip trekking adventure park constructed in the tree tops of Tilgate Park. The course is constructed of rope ladders, zip-lines, rope bridges, trapezes and swings and is located above the lake near to the former "Inn on the park" (Now Smith & Western).</p><br>
<h2>Park Run</h2><br>
<p>A 5K (five kilometre) park run takes place every week in which part of the course circumnavigates the whole of Tilgate lake. Up to 300 runners take part in the run and the event has been in progress since 9 June 2013. The quickest times run by a male have been Neil Boniface in 15 minutes 39 seconds on 21 Sept 2013, Nick Duggan 15 minutes 38 seconds on 26 July 2014. Neil Boniface again in 15 minutes 32 seconds on 21 June 2014, and the best ever time (to 2017) was recorded by James Westlake of 15 minutes and 31 seconds on 15 July 2017.</p><br>
<p>In the ladies, Fiona Clark set the pace with 18 minutes 14 seconds on 16 June 2012, which was beaten by Hannah Brooks setting the best ever time (to 2017) of 17 minutes 50 seconds on 29 September 2012.</p><br>
<p>This time was run close twice by Julie Briggs on 1 June 2013 and 21 June 2014 recording 18 minutes and 6 seconds on both occasions.</p><br>
<h2>Angling</h2><br>
<p>This is a day ticket water with tickets available form Crawley Borough Council with many fish species available to be caught at Tilgate lake, including carp, pike to over 30 lb, tench and bronze bream to 7 lb, perch, crucian carp, roach and rudd. The largest known carp successfully landed at Tilgate was 34lb 8oz caught by Clive Sharpe in 2006. The largest known pike ever captured from Tilgate was 32lb 8oz caught by C.Voss in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Swimming</h2><br>
<p>As of June 2nd 2016, free open water swimming over a 400 metre distance, became available on Thursday evenings at Tilgate lake to members of the national open water coaching association (NOWCA). All swimmers wear NOWCA Safety Wristbands for each swim and are scanned before entering, also leaving the water, this is so officials can monitor for safety reasons how many people are swimming at any one time. Also, a chip inside the wristband like those used in Triathlons, records speed, swim time and distance and this data is sent by email to the swimmers personal login dashboard.</p><br>
<h2>Future Expansion</h2><br>
<p>Crawley Borough Council are planning to create a water sports lakeside centre where all the activities will be based. Tilgate Park is a central feature of Crawley and the local council intend to enhance its attraction even further.</p><br>
<p>The Hohe Stoppelkopf, locally just called the Stoppelkopf, is a 566.2-metre-high hill in the Palatine Forest in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It lies 3 km north of the small town of Lambrecht.</p><br>
<p>Together with the Drachenfels (577 m) to the northwest and the Stabenberg (496 m) to the east, the Stoppelkopf lies on the watershed between the catchment areas of two Palatine Rhine tributaries, the Speyerbach (south) and the Isenach (north). The two longest tributaries of the Mußbach rise on the Stoppelkopf; both later empty into the left mouth branch of the Speyerbach, the Rehbach.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>About 110 metres north-northeast of the summit of the Hoher Stoppfelkopf a hunting lodge was built in 1900, the Hermannshütte (also called the Emil Leidner Hut), which is unmanaged. At the top a summit cross was erected in 2003 by the Deidesheim Branch of the Palatine Forest Club. About 2 km northeast of the Stoppelkopf lies the deer conservation park, the Kurpfalz Park, which is accessible from Wachenheim on a well-developed tarmac road (8 km).</p><br>
<p>The Eschkopf near Hofstätten in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate  is a major hill, high in the Palatine Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Eschkopf is part of the Frankenweide, a rock massif in the centre of the Palatine Forest. The main Palatine Watershed runs over its summit, which rises about 3.4 km south of the village of Hofstätten (Südwestpfalz county) and 3.6 km (both as the crow flies) south-southeast of the hamlet of Johanniskreuz in the neighbouring county of Kaiserslautern. The hill is the northernmost of a line of four peaks that exceed. To the south, in sequence, are the Mosisberg, the Hortenkopf and the Weißenberg (ca. ). From the Eschkopf it is possible to walk to Leimen, Kaiserslautern-Mölschbach, Elmstein and via the forester&#39;s lodges of Taubensuhl and Heldenstein almost as far as Neustadt an der Weinstraße on continuous hill ridges without dropping below the 450 metre contour line.</p><br>
<p>The Hochberg is a 636-metre-high mountain in the central Haardt in the Palatine Forest in Germany. It lies on the territory of the municipality of Sankt Martin  in the county of Südliche Weinstraße in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. After the Kalmit , the Kesselberg  and the Roßberg  it is the fourth highest peak in the Palatine Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The mountain lies south of two other mountains, the Breitenberg and the Hüttenberg, that are also part of the Kalmit massif and are located between the valleys of St. Martiner Tal in the north and Edenkobener Tal in the south. In addition to the main summit there is also a subpeak to the southeast, the Straußenberg (583 m). To the east the massif drops down to the Rhine Plain, its foothills including the Kropsburg (334 m), the Heidelberg (338 m) and the Werderberg (350 m) with its peace monument. To the west of the mountain is the Schafkopf (617 m), with which it is linked via a saddle by the St. Martiner Hut (486 m). On the tree-covered summit there is a stone cairn, the Steinernes Köppl. Not far from the summit is a rock outcrop, the Schornsteinfelsen, from which it is possible to see the Rhine Plain.</p><br>
<h2>Access and footpaths</h2><br>
<p>The mountain summit may be climbed on signed hiking trails from the Kropsburg to the east or from the Wegspinne by the St. Martiner Hut to the west.</p><br>
<p>The Promontory Apartments is a 22-story skyscraper in Hyde Park, Chicago, Illinois, United States designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. It was the first skyscraper Mies designed and was the first of his buildings to feature concepts such as an exposed skeleton. The cooperative building overlooking Burnham Park has 122 units.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Seeking an architect</h3><br>
<p>In 1946, real estate developer Herbert Greenwald decided to build a new cooperative housing high-rise in Hyde Park, Chicago, Illinois. Although the area had several tall apartment buildings, this would be the first such building since the Great Depression. Greenwald discussed options with his neighbor, Charles B. Genther, an architect with Pace Associates. Greenwald sought the notoriety that a big-name architect would bring to the project. He first contacted Frank Lloyd Wright, who offered to design the building for an advance payment of $50,000. Greenwald did not have enough money on hand to pay the architect, so he looked for other options. He contacted Le Corbusier, but the architect replied with a message stating that he would not design buildings in the United States. Eero Saarinen also rejected the commission. Finally, he offered the project to Walter Gropius in Boston, who rejected the commission as it was too far away from his main offices. Gropius suggested that Greenwald instead turn to Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who had offices in Chicago.</p><br>
<p>Genther had previously studied under Mies at the Illinois Institute of Technology. He suggested that Mies become involved with the design of the project. Mies was one of the most prominent architects of the time, but had never designed a high-rise structure. The project was named the "Promontory Apartments" because the proposed site overlooked Promontory Point in Burnham Park.</p><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>After a general floor plan had been suggested, Mies developed a design of the building. He suggested a steel curtain wall that would be encased in brick on two sides. On the other two sides, east and west, he recommended floor-to-ceiling windows between I-beam mullions running the height of the building. Greenwald rejected this design, although he would later approve a similar design for his 860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments. Mies also submitted a second design with an exposed concrete structure on all sides. This design would have low brick spandrel walls and full-length windows on two sides. Greenwald approved this second design.</p><br>
<p>Greenwald struggled to convince banks to lend him money for the project. Greenwald and Mies&#39; concept to develop an apartment scheme with so much glass proved controversial. Finally, in Spring 1947, Greenwald was able to secure a mortgage with the Trust Company of Chicago. The Peter Hamlin Construction Company was selected as the general contractor and construction began that Fall. The project began to attract interest when a model of the final version and a drawing of the steel-and-glass version were put on display for a Mies showcase at the Museum of Modern Art. By the time the building was completed in 1949, all of the apartment units were sold.</p><br>
<p>The Promontory Apartments were the first Mies building to have an exposed skeleton structure, an architectural theme that would dominate the latter portion of his career. Mies first proposed an external skeleton for an office building in 1923, but abandoned the concept until the late 1930s. His Mechanical Engineering Research building on the Illinois Institute of Technology campus featured an exposed concrete frame, but it was infilled with brick spandrel walls and windows and was not constructed in accordance with Mies&#39; design. However, the building design is clearly a precursor to the Promontory Apartments.</p><br>
<p>The Promontory Apartments were an important point in Mies career. The building was well received in the United States and abroad and further cemented his reputation as a leading architect. The buildings success would inspire Greenwald to commission Mies to design more than ten additional apartment projects. Mies was also encouraged by the reception and abandoned the classic elements such as the traditional floor plan for more experimental steel-and-glass design. The building and its display at the Museum of Modern Art encouraged Phyllis and Samuel Bronfman to commission Mies to design the Seagram Building in New York City.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1960s, the Promontory Apartments Trust contacted Mies about alterations to the ground floor as well as through-wall air conditioners for the spandrel walls. Mies offered his input on these changes, which were put into place c. 1965-66. On November 21, 1996, the building was recognized by the National Park Service with a listing on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Promontory Apartments are adjacent to the 1927 Flamingo-on-the-Lake Apartments, also listed on the National Register. The building is designed as a Double T with the horizontal cross-bars joined; the stems of the T&#39;s form wings to the rear. Each T is its own building with separate addresses, elevators, and stairways. This tripartite design would feature prominently in future Mies designs. Starting with the third story, each floor of each T has three apartments which share a small elevator lobby in the center. The first floor has a common lobby and two apartments at a mezzanine level; thus, there are 122 units. The building has a basement with maintenance facilities, storage, laundry, and mechanical equipment rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Hohe Loog, is a mountain, in the Haardt, the eastern rim of the Palatine Forest in Germany. The mountain lies within the borough of Neustadt an der Weinstraße in the southern part of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Hohe Loog lies west of Neustadt an der Weinstraße and 1.7 km northeast of the Kalmit, the highest mountain in the Haardt. Its name is derived from Loog ("border sign"). On its entirely wooded summit are several sandstone rock outcrops, but the tree cover means that no views of the surrounding area are possible from here. To the east of the summit is a flat area, almost 2 square kilometres in area, called the Hohe-Loog-Ebene ("Hohe Loog Plain") at a height of about. The Hohe Loog has a northeastern outlier, the Rutschsteinberg. Its southeastern counterpart is the Rittersberg, with its conciliation cross (Sühnekreuz); the Rittersberg in turn leads to the Schlossberg, the hill on which Hambach Castle stands. To the north the Hohe Loog drops into the valley of Kaltenbrunnertal. Near the summit is the Hohe Loog House, managed by the Palatine Forest Club, which has an outstanding view of the Kalmit massif and the Rhine Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Routes to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The Hohe Loog may be climbed on several signed trails established by the Palatine Forest Club. From Neustadt the route runs along the Kaltenbrunner Tal or via the Nollenkopf. The mountain is also accessible from Diedesfeld via Hambach Castle and the Rittersberg. Another ascent is possible through the Klausental valley from Maikammer. The shortest route to the summit runs from the hiker&#39;s car park on the Hahnenschritt saddle below the Kalmit.</p><br>
<p>Lipson Cove is a tranquil sandy bay on the western shore of Spencer Gulf, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and access</h2><br>
<p>Lipson Cove lies 215 km west-northwest of Adelaide and 63 km northeast of Port Lincoln. The nearest townships are Lipson, inland to the southwest and Port Neill to the north east. It can be accessed from the Lincoln Highway via the Lipson Cove Road. The road is unsealed, but well maintained and always passable for 2-wheel drive vehicles. Basic camping facility are present behind the dunes at the foreshore.</p><br>
<h2>History and development</h2><br>
<p>Lipson Cove was named in 1840 by Governor George Gawler after Thomas Lipson R.N., who was South Australia&#39;s first harbor master and collector of customs.</p><br>
<p>A privately owned jetty was built in 1882 to facilitate local sheep and wool exports, but was demolished in 1949. The cove is renowned for its shore-based fishing and an old talc mine which is located nearby. Coastal features include granite hills and cliffs which extend northwards from Lipson Cove to Port Neill. It is also known for its camping, fishing, coastal and marine habitats and is regarded as a safe swimming beach.</p><br>
<p>Lipson Cove is also the site of the wreck of the ketch, Three Sisters. She was lost on 13 March 1899. The remains of the wooden vessel can sometimes be seen protruding from the beach sand.</p><br>
<p>The cove is adjacent to the proposed site of Centrex Metals Ltd&#39;s Port Spencer iron ore port development.</p><br>
<h2>Lipson Island Conservation Park</h2><br>
<p>Lipson Island lies 150 metres out from the Lipson Cove beach can be accessed when the tide is low, but care must be taken not to become stranded as the tide rises. The island and surrounding intertidal zone constitute the Lipson Island Conservation Park which was proclaimed in 1967 and which is a designated IUCN Category III "natural monument." The island is an important rookery for roosting sea birds, including colonies of black-faced cormorant, crested tern and little penguin. Sooty oystercatchers have also been recorded on the island and New Zealand fur seals visit and haul out there occasionally.</p><br>
<p>Lipson Island also bears the alternative French name of Ile d&#39;Alembert, so named by French explorer Nicolas Baudin.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Species of conservation significance known to inhabit or visit the area include hooded plovers, fairy terns, white-bellied sea eagles, great white sharks, southern right whales and bottlenose dolphins.</p><br>
<p>Cima Brenta is a mountain in the Brenta group , a subgroup of the Rhaetian Alps in the Italian Region of Trentino-Alto Adige, with a reported height of 3,150 m. The mountain rises imposingly up between the rock towers and pinnacles of the central Brenta Group. A sharp ridge connects the mountain on its southern side to the Spallone die Massodi. The northern ridge steeply descends towards Bocca del Tuckett. Towards north west a slender couloir descends all the way from the top towards the Vedretta di Brenta Inferiore, the mountains lower glacier. Large shouldering formations extend towards the west, culminating in the Cima Mandrone and the Punti di Campiglio, and northwest, culminating in the Cima Massari. Above these formations a glacier, the Vedretta di Brenta Superiore, the upper&#39; glacier descends the mountain, being cut off by a vertical precipice over the Vedretta di Brenta Inferiore. On the eastern side the mountain rises up with an imposing 700-meter high vertical rock face with on its left side a distinct orange-like color. Above this lies a horizontal ledge, the Cengia Garbari, on which the Via delle Bocchette Alte proceeds. The actual mountain has two summits that are some 250 meters apart, of which the eastern top reaches the highest altitude. The glaciers, vedrette, have been shrinking steadily over the last decades as a result of climate change.</p><br>
<p>The historical name Cima Brenta was not always as evident as it is today. The toponymy of these parts was largely established by Nepomuceno Bolognini. The mountain, somehow, became a place where nationalistic sentiments were demonstrated. In 1889 the Austro-Hungarian authorities decided to rename the mountain to Kaiser Franz Josef-Spitze. The name never caught on -not even in German literature. When the occasion occurred to raise a large yellow-black imperial flag on the summit, fully visible from Val Rendena as well as from Molveno, local guide Giuseppe Bepaccia Zeni and some companions climbed the mountain to take it down. In 1912, on the other hand, the Italian flag was hoisted by irredentists on Cima Brenta, deliberately just before the first snow fall, so that the flag remained visible until the next summer. Around 1953 electricity company SISM, predecessor of ENEL proposed to build a cable car trajectory from Molveno to the top of Cima Brenta. The plans were abandoned and in 1967 the mountain became protected as part of the Parco Naturale Adamello-Brenta.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The first men to climb to the summit of Cima Brenta were Douglas Freshfield and Francis Fox Tuckett. with Henri Devouassoud from Chamonix in August 1871. They approached the mountain from the west and ascended mainly over the snow of the vedrette. This itinerary would remain the only way for a number of years, until Albert DeFalkner and E.T.Compton found a new itinerary from the south in 1882. Carlo Garbari with companions traced in 1892 a new route over the northern edge towards the ledge on the east side that bears his name today and from there through a series of gullies to the summit. This route, and a variant traced in 1902 by Hanns Barth a.o. in 1902, are now considered the Via Normale. In 1910, The Kiene brothers, made it to the top over the complete northwest ridge from Cima Massari over the jagged pinnacles that are now called Torri di Kiene.</p><br>
<p>The majestic east face was not attempted until 1930, when Mario Agostini and A. Moser opened the Via Agostini-Moser (UIAA: IV, 650 m.). This route follows a winding trajectory through the northern part of the East Wall. Matteo Armani and Marcello Friedrichsen realized the via Diretta in 1936 (V, 500 m.). A year later Silvio Agostini died on Cima Brenta in an accident and Armani climbed and baptized Torre Caigo, a pinnacle on the south face of Cima Mandrone, in his honor. Other challenging trajectories were climbed by renown climbers in the decades following on all parts of the mountain. The first skiing descent down the NW couloir from the top was accomplished by Heini Holzer and Ander Tscholl in 1970. The first epic ascent of the hard north face through the hanging glacier was made by Giovanni Groaz, Lorenzo Groaz and Romano Segalla (August 1974). The imposing orange wall within the east face remained however the last big problem of the Brenta and unchallenged until 1964. By then, even the most repelling rock faces were conquered by means of artificial climbing. It took three men three days, 150 pitons, 18 expansion bolts and 15 other devices to force their way upward to the Garbari ridge (Via Verona: VI, A3, Ae, 650 m.) At the time, the 40-hour climb of Franco Baschera, Claudio Boscho and Milo Navasa was considered an enormous achievement. But the use of expansion bolts and other artificial means in general became subject of criticism. In the end it took until 2002 for this route to be free-climbed on sight by Rolando Larcher and Franco Cavallero in a mere eleven hours.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Climbers and hikers find nowadays numerous ways to climb to the top, where an impressive view from the top awaits them - good visibility provided. Most of the via normale del nord is nowadays covered by the Via delle Bocchette Alte, especially the parts dedicated to Enrico Pedrotti and Dorotea Foresti. Although most hikers will let the summit be to continue the hike on the Via delle Bocchette Alte on the Garbari ledge towards the Spallone di Massodi, some might take the trouble to climb to the top of Cima Brenta through the two gullies that lead upwards from were the horizontal ridge becomes widest. Others might undertake the slightly more demanding southern Via Normale departing from Rif. Brentei. Climbers will find numerous challenging itineraries especially on the east and south face of the mountain. The mountain huts that are might serve as a forward base are, and.</p><br>
<p>The Hortenkopf is a hill, 606 metres above sea level , in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, which lies in the middle of the Palatine Forest between Hofstätten and Leimen. The Hortenkopf is recognisable from a long way off thanks to the transmission tower that has been erected on its summit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and access</h2><br>
<p>The hill is part of the Frankenweide, a centrally-located massif within this range of low mountains. The Palatine Watershed runs over its summit. The Hortenkopf is the second southernmost of a row of four peaks that reach a height of over 600 metres. To the south is the Weißenberg (610 m) near the hamlet of Hermersbergerhof in the municipality of Wilgartswiesen. To the north are the Mosisberg and the Eschkopf (jeweils 609 m). From the Hortenkopf it is possible to walk to Leimen, Kaiserslautern-Mölschbach, Elmstein and via the forest lodges of Taubensuhl and Heldenstein almost as far as Neustadt on continuous hill ridges without dropping below the 450 metre contour line.</p><br>
<p>At the Hortenkopf the main watershed turns southwest towards Gräfenstein Castle. On the southwestern flank of the Hortenkopf rises the northern headstream of the Wieslauter, which - subsequently as the Lauter – flows directly into the River Rhine. Further northwest rises a tributary of the Merzalbe, whose waters flow via the Rodalb, Schwarzbach, Blies, Saar and Moselle into the Rhine.</p><br>
<p>The Kesselberg near Edenkoben in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate  is a mountain, It iis second highest peak in the Palatine Forest region after the Kalmit and also the third highest mountain in the Palatinate region .</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Kesselberg is located, like the Kalmit, in the mountain range of Haardt between the Edenkobener valley in the north and the Modenbach valley in the south. From the Rhine Plain the mountain is hidden behind the Blättersberg. Views over the surrounding regions in the Palatine Forest are blocked by the trees that cover the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Gletschermulden</h2><br>
<p>On the summit plateau are various rocks, named on hiking maps as the Gletschermulden, with striking round depressions in the Bunter sandstone of which they are composed. In addition to an unprovable theory that they were originally Celtic sacrifice bowls, there is also an theory that they are glacial potholes or mills. However, they would require a thick ice sheet to have covered the region and there is no evidence, such as glacial stria, anywhere in the Palatine region. It is thus questionable whether this could have been a periglacial site in the last ice age, as has been posited. A new interpretation suggests the depressions were simply formed by weathering processes in the various layers of sandstone.</p><br>
<p>The old signpost on the Kesselberg has been replaced by a new one. It discusses the formation of the depressions in both an amusing, but also a scientific, way.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The summit may be climbed from the trail forks at Benderplatz and Kohlplatz. From the main trail that links both junctions, a smaller footpath branches off, leading to the summit. This footpath was blazed in 1953 by the historian, Friedrich Sprater, and named after him. The Benderplatz may be reached from the Lolosruhe car park and the Forsthaus Heldenstein (a former forester&#39;s lodge), the Kohlplatz from the Modenbach valley and the Edenkobener valley near the Edenkobener Hut.</p><br>
<p>The Illinois Traction Building, located at 41 E. University Ave. in Champaign, Illinois, was the headquarters of the Illinois Traction System, an interurban railroad serving Central Illinois. Built in 1913, the building held the railway&#39;s offices and served as the Champaign interurban station until 1936; it later housed the offices of the Illinois Power Company, which descended from the Illinois Traction System. Architect Joseph Royer planned the building in a contemporary commercial design. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 20, 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Illinois Traction System was established by William B. McKinley in the 1890s and 1900s. McKinley began his system by purchasing and electrifying local streetcar lines. In 1902, the system opened its first interurban line between Champaign and St. Joseph, and by 1911 it linked most major cities in Central Illinois, as well as St. Louis, Missouri. The company built the Illinois Traction Building in 1913 to replace its previous Champaign station; the new building had a central location and office space for the company. In 1928, the Illinois Traction System became part of the Illinois Terminal Railroad; its utility division became the Illinois Power and Light Company and maintained offices in the Traction Building. Streetcar service to the building ended in 1936, when a new owner replaced the lines with bus service; while interurban trains continued to serve Champaign, they stopped at a different station. The building continued to house the utility company, which became known as the Illinois Power Company, until it moved to a different building in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Architect Joseph Royer designed the Illinois Traction Building in a contemporary commercial style. The building was a departure from Royers previous work, which was primarily done in rustic or massive styles such as Romanesque. The three-story building is built from red brick and has terra cotta detailing. Four piers divide the three-bay front facade; the two side bays are slightly bowed. Terra cotta medallions top each pier, and scrolled shields on the piers mark the top of the first floor. The windows on each floor feature terra cotta sills and lintels. The buildings original terra cotta cornice has been replaced by a white brick pediment.</p><br>
<p>Svanøya  is an island in the municipality of Flora in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The island is located in the Sunnfjord district of the county. The island lies just to the west of the mainland, in the mouth of the Førdefjorden. The Brufjorden runs along the north and east sides of the island and the Stavfjorden runs along the south side of the island. The island of Askrova lies about 4 km northwest of Svanøya. The 10 km&sup2; island of Svanøya is heavily forested with lots of hills and small mountains. On Svanøya, there are plants and trees that usually are not found on the west coast of Norway, such as holly. The 235 m tall mountain Vågsfjellet is the highest mountain on the island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A stone cross was erected on the island in honor of St. Olaf and there is a sacrificial place from the Viking Age. The Viking, Eirik Bloodaxe, was born on the island. The island was historically called Brulandet, and it is now called Svanøya. The name comes from the Bishop Hans Svane who owned the main farm and manor on the island from 1662&mdash;1685. Since that time, it has been known as Svanøya (lit. "the island of Svane"), although Brulandet is still one of the official names of the island. Bru Church was located on the island from the 12th century until the 1872, serving the Bru parish (named after the old name for the island). In 1872, the church was torn down and the new Stavang Church was built on the mainland to serve the parish.</p><br>
<p>The Medico-Dental Building, now known as the Centre City Building, is a historic 14-story high-rise office building in Downtown San Diego, California. It was one of San Diego&#39;s first skyscrapers; when it opened in 1927 it was the tallest building in San Diego. It is San Diego Historical Site # 135 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 0.23 acre location, 233 A Street, on the southwest corner of 3rd Avenue and A Street was originally the site of a second home and carriage house for Alonzo Horton, the father of Downtown San Diego. The Sisters of St. Joseph purchased the property from Horton in the 1880s and established a girls&#39; school, the Academy of Our Lady of Peace, in the large home, using the carriage house as a convent and offices. The Academy moved to a larger property in Normal Heights in 1925. The Horton structures were razed to build the Medico-Dental Building.</p><br>
<p>As its name suggests, the building was designed to house medical and dental offices, with a ground-floor pharmacy and a medical library on the 14th floor. Its purpose was to cluster medical and dental services in one place, improving San Diego&#39;s medical scene as well as providing a profitable business venture; a similar business model had succeeded in a dozen cities across the country. The original owners were a group of professional men headed by Charles Lineaweaver. Tenancy was restricted to licensed physicians and dentists; the rule was enforced by a Board of Directors and Officers.</p><br>
<p>As time went on the focus of San Diegos medical community shifted uptown toward Hillcrest, where Mercy Hospital and the UCSD Hospital were located. The building was no longer restricted to doctors and dentists but was used more and more for general office tenants, including at various times government offices, the public defenders office, and the San Diego Chamber of Commerce. During the 1980s the name was changed to the Centre City Building. Much of the building remains vacant, other than a few tenants such as the San Diego Opera.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building is 14 stories high with a foundation that encloses a concrete subterranean basement. It is built in an "L" configuration, with the two wings fronting A Street and 3rd Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Its elegant neoclassical revival design with decorative facade with brick, quarried granite and ornamental cast iron trim details exemplify the periods designers belief that a building should include a clearly defined base, middle, and top.</p><br>
<p>Unique features include a gabled rooftop finished with Spanish tile, a gravel-covered lower observation roof over a rolled mineral surface, and rosette-style windows. The building has a reinforced concrete frame structure, also known as "ductile frame" construction. The exterior walls are concrete, clad faced with granite on the lowest three stories and with brick on the remainder of the building. Interior features include a marble lobby floor and staircase with a restored coffered ceiling.</p><br>
<p>It has 88,000 ft&sup2; of office space and 7,000 ft&sup2; of ground floor retail space. The building is owned by the Lamden Family Trust.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>The building and its architect, Frank W. Stevenson, received the 1933 A.I.A. award in the Commercial/Industrial category.</p><br>
<p>The S. B. Barker Building, also known as the Dunn Brothers Building, is a historic commercial building in Condon, Oregon, United States.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1903 adjacent to a spring at the center of downtown Condon, this Italianate general store typifies the mercantile businesses serving ranches and farms throughout eastern Oregon in the early part of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Its early proprietors, Simon Bradbury Barker (owner 1903–1918) and James Dunn Burns (owner 1926–1986), were leading economic and political figures in Gilliam County, and Barker became a prominent businessman statewide.</p><br>
<p>Despite its initially central location, the building came to be on the south edge of downtown as the business district migrated north to meet the railroad.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Mount Abdulaziz or Abd al-Aziz  is a mountain ridge located in the southwestern part of the Hasakah Governorate, some 35 km west-south-west from the center of the city of Hasakah, in northeastern Syria. The mountain extends from east to west and has a length of 85 km, a width of 15 km, and an area of 84,050 hectares. Jabal Abdulaziz consists of a series of hills and valleys whose altitudes ranges between 350 and 920 meters.</p><br>
<p>The mountain has taken its name after Abdul Aziz, a descendant of Abdul-Qadir Gilani, a military commander in Saladin&#39;s army, who had once taken the mountain as a fortified place. The former name of the mountain was ʾAl-Ḥiyāl الحيال.</p><br>
<p>The mount is currently under the control of Kurdish YPG forces.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>In the Ottoman era, the area was transiently populated by nomadic Arab herders who wandered the arid plains between the ridge and the area of Mardin (now in Turkey). With the post-Ottoman establishment of the Syro-Turkish border and the increasing promotion of sedentary agriculture by colonial and state authorities, these tribes began to be forced to permanently settle during the French Mandate, with the first permanent settlement established in the 1950s. As of 2007, there are around twenty villages and thirty smaller farming settlements scattered around the foot of the ridge with a total population of between 13,000 and 15,000 individuals. All of the inhabitants of the area are Arabs of the Baqqarat al-Jabal tribe, save for one village of the Sayyad tribe (which has integrated with the former). It is one of the poorest areas in Syria, largely due to arid conditions and exacerbated by land use restrictions in place around the nature reserve established on the mountain. Many inhabitants have migrated to Hasakah city and the nearby town of Tall Tamer to seek better conditions.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Plainfield Historic District is the historic downtown area of Plainfield, Illinois, United States. The four block district reflects popular architectural styles of the mid-19th through mid-20th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Plainfield, Illinois was founded in August 1834 by Chester Ingersoll, who platted a town just north of the 1828 settlement of Walkers Corners. That December, Levi Arnold bought the land directly north of Ingersolls and began to subdivide it; this area would later become the historic district. The construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal in the 1840s brought new residents to Plainfield, as the canal headquarters was only 6 mi east in Lockport. Lockport Road connected the two settlements and became an important thoroughfare once the canal opened in 1848. Plainfield was also a convenient stop for travelers going between Chicago and Ottawa. Most early development was residential, but by the late 1840s, a concentration of commercial developments began to organize at the junction between Ingersoll and Arnolds plats. Isaiah Clippinger subdivided his property for commercial use on the south side of Lockport Street between Des Plaines and Illinois Streets. The DuPage Inn and Tavern was one of the first major commercial ventures, located about where 24216 Lockport Street is now.</p><br>
<p>The Village of Plainfield was formed in 1869 when the northern and southern sections decided to unite; it was incorporated in 1877 with a population around 700. Most commercial structures were wood-framed and were destroyed during a series of four fires from 1888 to 1899. Development in the ensuing decades was prompted by Plainfield&#39;s location on an important transportation corridor. In 1904, the Aurora, Plainfield & Joliet Railway provided interurban service between these three cities and located their maintenance shop at 24216 Lockport Street. Lincoln Highway, which passed through town via Lockport Street, was designated in the late 1920s as the first transcontinental highway for automobiles, promoting auto-related commercial development in Plainfield. The Standard Oil station at the southwest corner of Des Plaines and Lockport is the best surviving remnant of the era.</p><br>
<p>The Mosisberg near Hofstätten in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate  is a hill, in the central Palatine Forest. It has two domes, the eastern one is the summit and is called Langer Kopf and the western high point is the Preußenstein.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The hill lies on the territory of the hamlet of Hofstätten in the municipality of Wilgartswiesen and is part of the Frankenweide, which is a central massif within the mountain range. On the Langer Kopf there is a former US Air Force radio relay site.</p><br>
<h3>Surrounding area</h3><br>
<p>The Mosisberg is the second northernmost of a line of four peaks that exceed. To the north is the Eschkopf, to the south are the Hortenkopf and the Weißenberg (ca. ) The Palatine Watershed between the Moselle/Middle Rhine (west) and Upper Rhine (east) runs over the Eschkopf, Mosisberg and Hortenkopf.</p><br>
<p>In a high hollw about 700 metres southeast of the Mosisberg summit there was once a raised bog, the Mosisbruch, which was supplied by a two kilometre long brook that which shortly afterwards emptied from the right into the upper reaches of the Wellbach.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>From the Mosisberg it is possible to walk to Leimen, Kaiserslautern-Mölschbach, Elmstein and via the forest lodges of Taubensuhl and Heldenstein almost as far as Neustadt on continuous ridges without dropping below the 450 metre contour.</p><br>
<p>Kinn is an island in Flora Municipality which is in Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. The island lies about 12 km west of the town of Florø. The neighboring island of Reksta  lies just 350 m to the east of Kinn, the island of Skorpa lies about 2.5 km northeast of Kinn, and the island of Askrova lies about 9 km to the southeast. The 2.5 km&sup2; island is dominated by a large mountain, with all its residents living on the east side. The mountain, Kinnaklova, is a very notable landmark to sailors in the region since it has a deep ravine that cuts through the center of the peak.</p><br>
<p>The island is the home to the historic Kinn Church, dating back to the 12th century. The church was the seat of the large parish of Kinn for centuries. The island was also the centre (and namesake) of the old municipality of Kinn which existed from 1838 until 1964. The island can be reached by ferry from the town of Florø. The Kinnaspelet, a historical play, is performed on the island every summer.</p><br>
<p>The Ytterøyane Lighthouse is located about 3 km northwest of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The island was named after the old Kinn farm (Old Norse: Kinn) since Kinn Church is located there. The name is identical with the word for "cheek", referring to the steep slope of a mountain on the island. Historically, the name was spelled Kind.</p><br>
<p>Armstrong Elementary School is a historic elementary school for African-American students located at Lynchburg, Virginia. It opened in 1954, and consists of five sections: the two-story, 12-bay long, brick veneer classroom block; the shorter, rectangular-shaped cafetorium  on the northeast end of the classroom block with a smaller kitchen wing; a large rectangular gymnasium on the rear; and the adjacent small boiler room. It is in the Streamline Moderne style. The property includes the site of the original school that was demolished in 1959. It was built as an equalization school prior to the Brown v. Board of Education decision that struck down racial segregation in public schools.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Vrelo Ibra  is the spring of the River Ibar located in the north-east region of Montenegro in Rožaje. It is one of the top natural landmarks in Rožaje. It is located 10 km away from the city center on the northern side at the foot of the mountain Hajla in a dense conifer forest. Rožaje has a big amount of springs, but the strongest one is the spring of the river Ibar which is also the longest Montenegrin river. The road to the spring has beautiful landscapes with a lot of places suitable for picnic or sport activities  or other recreation. The road which needs only to be followed to the spring is located in Suho Polje a few kilometers from the city center of Rožaje on Ibarska magistrala in the direction to Berane, on the left side over the bridge next to the hotel Aldi. The road to the Vrelo Ibra is suitable for going by foot or by any vehicle. The strongest recommendation of the turistic organization of Rožaje is to go with a bike. Near the spring is located the main turistic mountain house in Bandžov. The length of the road to Vrelo Ibra is 12 km from the place Suho Polje in Rožaje. In the upper course of the river Ibar, which can be followed on the main road to the spring, can be found a lot of brown trout, and in the downstream part of the present chub, carp and whitefish. Vrelo Ibra is a very romantic place which potentials are still not fully valorized.</p><br>
<p>Fifth Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Lynchburg, Virginia. The district encompasses 57 contributing buildings and 1 contributing object in a historically African-American section of Lynchburg. It includes a variety of residential, commercial, and institutional buildings, with about half dating to the period spanning from 1875 to 1940. Located in the district are the separately listed Kentucky Hotel, the Western Hotel, the William Phaup House, and the Pyramid Motors building. Other notable buildings include the Augustine Leftwich House , tobacco factories , the Humbles Building , M.R. Scott Meat Market , Miller Tire and Battery Company , Adams Motor Company building , Hoskins Pontiac , Burnett Tire Company , Moser Furniture Company building , Fifth Street Baptist Church , Community Funeral Home , and Tal-Fred Apartments .</p><br>
<p>It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Narrative Description</h2><br>
<h3>Geographic & Topographic Description</h3><br>
<p>The Fifth Street Historic District is located within the urban core of Lynchburg, Virginia and adjoins the City’s downtown commercial district, which lies to the north and east. The district runs 2,500 feet along eight blocks of the Fifth Street corridor. In total, Fifth Street stretches approximately one mile (fifteen blocks) along a southwest-to-northeast axis between the John Lynch Bridge (crossing the James River) to the northeast and the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Bridge to the southwest, which spans a valley containing the Norfolk Southern Railroad main line.</p><br>
<p>Fifth Street is currently designated as State Route 163, although it served as USA Route 170 from 1926 to 1931. From 1931 until 2005, Fifth Street was part of USA 29, which connects Maryland to Florida. In October 2005, a new bypass that circumnavigated the eastern edge of Lynchburg and Madison Heights (Amherst County) was completed and Fifth Street (the USA 29 Business) was re-designated as State Route 163. As Fifth Street crosses the Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial Bridge to the southwest, the name of the street changes to Memorial Avenue. On the northeast, the name of the route changes to South Amherst Highway as it crosses the John Lynch Bridge and enters Amherst County. Fifth Street and Memorial Avenue have been given the honorary designation as Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard.</p><br>
<p>The primary cross street within the district is Federal Street, which intersects Fifth Street at its 700-800 block transition. Like all streets crossing Fifth (except Park Avenue), Federal Street intersects at a right angle, and runs in a southeast-to-northwest direction. On its southeastern end, Federal Street terminates in its 1100 block due to a steep cliff that overlooks Twelfth Street. On its northwestern end, Federal Street transitions into Hollins Mill Road, a winding route that crosses Blackwater Creek and terminates at its intersection with Bedford Avenue. The intersection of Fifth and Federal is marked by a single-lane, four-way roundabout and adjoining pedestrian plazas, which were completed in 2010.</p><br>
<p>At Fifth Street’s transition between the 1000 and 1100 blocks, it intersects with Monroe Street as well as Park Avenue. Park Avenue departs Fifth Street at a 90-degree angle, and runs due south as it climbs College Hill before turning southwest toward the Kemper Street train station, which is served by four daily Amtrak trains.</p><br>
<p>Just northeast of the Fifth Street Historic District is the intersection of Fifth Street, Church Street (one-way southeast-bound) and Main Street (one-way northwest-bound). Just northwest of Fifth Street, Main and Church converge and form Rivermont Avenue at the Rivermont Bridge, which spans a deep gorge formed by Blackwater Creek.</p><br>
<p>Other streets (all neighborhood-serving) that intersect Fifth Street in the district are Court, Clay, Madison, Harrison, Jackson, and Polk Streets.</p><br>
<p>An unnamed tributary of Blackwater Creek drains the Tinbridge Hill neighborhood to the northwest, and the headwaters of Horseford Creek (now underground in pipes) runs in a southeasterly direction from the east side of the district, and eventually enters the James River via a culvert at the bottom of Washington Street.</p><br>
<p>The district’s topography is largely flat, particularly between the 600 and 900 blocks of the route. Northeast of the 600 block, Fifth Street begins a precipitous 12 percent grade that carries the roadway downward towards the James River. The highest elevation within the district along Fifth Street is 765 feet above sea level in the 1100 block, and its lowest elevation is 710 feet above sea level in the 700 block.</p><br>
<h3>Early Development</h3><br>
<h4>Lynch's Ferry and the Ferry Road</h4><br>
<p>Seven years after Charles Lynch’s 1750 patent of 1,590 acres on both sides of the Fluvanna (James) River in what was then Albemarle County, his son Edward was granted permission to establish a ferry across the river at its confluence with Blackwater Creek. Edward’s brother John, then seventeen years of age, is credited with operating the ferry from the beginning. Following the ferry’s establishment, John Lynch constructed a tavern known as the “Ferry House” at the base of what would become known as Ninth Street. in order to accommodate travelers who might need to halt at the south side of the river to wait for the appropriate time of day or weather conditions to utilize the ferry. Prior to the development of the ferry, the river was crossed via a ford (the “Horse Ford”) at the head of what is now known as Percival’s Island, which, of course, was reached by roads from the north and south. In 1781, Thomas Jefferson noted that recently-mined lead and other goods could be brought from the southwest along this “good road… through the peaks of Otter to Lynchs ferry, or Winstons, on James river.” As it neared Lynch’s Ferry on the south side of the river, this road established the path that would become the Fifth Street corridor. The “Ferry Road” was later described as a “well-shaded road led from the ferry, …coming up Seventh Street to Main, passing through the square between Seventh and Sixth to Church, …and obliquely thence into what is now Fifth Street, on its way to New London.”</p><br>
<h4>Establishment of Lynchburg</h4><br>
<p>In 1786, the General Assembly adopted an act to establish a town called “Lynchburg” on the land of John Lynch. Initially containing 45 acres, it would be divided into two-acre blocks, each with four half-acre lots with 165’ frontages on the 60’ wide streets (the roads that paralleled the James River) and 132’ frontages on the 30’ wide alleys (those roads that ran perpendicular to the river). In its beginning, there were only four alleys in the town, the westernmost one being designated as “Third Alley” (now Seventh Street).</p><br>
<p>By 1796, Lynchburg contained approximately one hundred houses and was “rapidly increasing, from its advantageous situation for carrying on trade with the adjacent country” according to Isaac Weld’s travelogue. In 1805, Lynchburg was officially incorporated, and the town was expanded to the northwest and southeast, although this expansion simply made formal what John Lynch had already accomplished three years earlier; in 1802, he sold thirty half-acre lots in this soon-to-be-annexed area, which meant that the formal plan of the annexed area was already in place by the time of its expansion in 1805. Seventh Alley (later known as Fifth Street) and Sixth Alley (later known as Twelfth Street) became the primary routes of access into the town.</p><br>
<h4>Early 19th Century Expansion</h4><br>
<p>In March 1806, John and Mary Lynch gave the Town of Lynchburg a one acre lot “on a hill on the west side of the Main Road leading from the upper side of Lynchburg toward New London” for use as a public burying ground. The “Main Road” that Lynch described was a combination of Fifth Street (then designated as Seventh Alley) and what is now known as Park Avenue. The burying ground, now known as the Old City Cemetery, was sited on the outskirts of town, but not so distant as to be inconvenient to residents. With Lynchburg’s primary business district along Second Street (now Main) at its north end, and the town’s public cemetery at its south end, what is now recognized as the Fifth Street Corridor was in place by 1806. By this time, Fifth Street also became known alternately as Cocke Street or West Street. The name “Cocke” likely originated with merchant Thomas W. Cocke, who owned property along the route in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.</p><br>
<p>During the following two decades, the corporate limits of Lynchburg would expand several times, increasing the number of lots along the Fifth Street corridor that were included in the town. In 1814, the town limits were expanded to Seventh Street (now known as Harrison Street). Following the 1826 annexation, the majority of the Fifth Street corridor was within the town limits.</p><br>
<p>As the town expanded, the established design of lots, streets, and alleys also expanded. Typically, the half-acre lots were already in private hands (i.e. sold by John Lynch to other individuals) by the time they were incorporated into the town, and the future streets and alleys were accounted for in the deed. An 1805 deed between John Lynch and Peter Detto for a half acre lot at the corner of Fourth Street (now Court) and Seventh Alley (now Fifth) ordered Detto to reserve a thirty-foot alley, while an 1812 deed between Lynch and his niece Agatha Terrell Dicks described the lot as being located at the corner of the “contemplated Seventh Street and Third Alley.”</p><br>
<p>As in many Virginia towns of the period, Lynchburg residents were required to construct on each lot a “dwelling house sixteen feet square at least, with a brick or stone chimney.” Unlike other towns, however, Lynchburgers were not directed to construct their homes of any particular material, and thus, many chose wood, which was the least expensive and most readily available material. Frame dwellings were typical in Virginia, much to the consternation of Thomas Jefferson, who noted that it was “impossible to devise things more ugly, uncomfortable, and happily more perishable.”</p><br>
<p>While the majority of the first dwellings constructed in Lynchburg were frame, most are no longer extant, which seems to correlate to Jefferson’s comment concerning the perishability of frame buildings in Virginia. By the second decade of the 19th century, Lynchburg was experiencing its first building boom, and many of the city’s buildings began to be constructed of brick.</p><br>
<h3>Federal Period Taverns, Stores & Houses</h3><br>
<h4>Kentucky Hotel</h4><br>
<h4>Western Hotel/Nichols' Tavern</h4><br>
<h4>Other Commercial Buildings</h4><br>
<p>Two smaller resources from the early nineteenth century are also found along the 600 and 700 blocks of Fifth Street. The frame building at 708 Fifth Street (118-5318-0027) was likely built by prominent Lynchburg merchant Archibald Robertson (1783-1835) circa 1820. Perhaps the only intact example of frame commercial architecture from the period remaining in Lynchburg, the building presents a tight, three-bay façade along Fifth Street (while most of the façade is currently covered by T-111 siding and a later brick storefront, interior investigation reveals the building’s true nature). The two-story, double-pile (the rear chimney has been removed below the roofline) building is of timber frame construction, and is covered by a side gable roof of standing-seam metal with a simple boxed cornice. While the first floor storefront has been remodeled by the addition of a brick façade and aluminum and glass commercial door, the second floor (underneath the T-111 siding) retains its original fenestration with a single-leaf doorway with a four-pane transom, which once opened onto an overhanging balcony, flanked by a pair of 6/6 double-hung sash.</p><br>
<p>The building’s balcony was likely in place through the first quarter of the 20th century, and is a reminder of a once-common architectural feature on Fifth Street that has completely disappeared from the district. The 1895 Sanborn Insurance Company map of the area shows that at least 13 buildings along the 600 and 700 blocks of Fifth Street had some sort of balcony, porch, or awning that overhung Fifth Street. This scene may have been captured by German-born artist Bernhard Gutmann (1869-1936), who, in 1895, sketched what he called “Negro Street” in Lynchburg. This image shows more than half a dozen two- or two-and–a-half-story buildings with steeply-pitched side-gable roofs, end chimneys, narrow two- and three-bay facades, and shallow two-story covered porches. While not definitively a sketch of Fifth Street, it is highly likely that Gutmann was depicting a streetscape along the 600 or 700 block of the corridor.</p><br>
<p>The two-and-a-half-story building at 612 Fifth Street (118-5318-0018) is another rare surviving example of early 19th century residential or commercial architecture (during this period, there is little stylistic distinction between buildings for residential use versus commercial use) in Lynchburg. While not the first building to stand on the site, the present building was likely built in 1827 by Lilbourn Johnson. A three-bay, double pile building (the rear interior end chimney has been removed), 612 Fifth Street is of brick construction with kneelered (parapeted) gables capped by half-round brick coping, a feature rarely found in Lynchburg. While the façade has been covered by a modern layer of running bond brick, the building’s early 19th century roots can be clearly discerned.</p><br>
<h4>Houses of the Federal Period</h4><br>
<p>Lastly, a cluster of Federal period dwellings is located just off of the main thoroughfare near Sixth Street’s intersections with Federal, Jackson, and Polk Streets. Perhaps the largest extant frame house of the period in Lynchburg, the c. 1817 Augustine Leftwich House (118-5318-0062) is a five-bay, double-pile L-shaped dwelling covered by a hipped roof with dormers. Altered over time, the façade is fenestrated by 2/2 double-hung sash, and a second floor doorway opens onto a balcony created by a three-bay porch that shelters the entry door on the first floor. The house retains what appears to be an original outbuilding that is covered by a hipped roof with a dentiled cornice. The house at 523 Jackson Street (118-5318-0037) is a now-rare Lynchburg example of a three-bay frame house of the Federal period. Probably built by James Mallory (owner of the nearby Kentucky Hotel) in 1814, the house is one of five remaining three-bay frame houses dating to the second decade of the 19th century in Lynchburg (the other four may be found nearby, but outside of the Fifth Street district, in the 1000 and 1100 blocks of Jackson Street, 1100 block of Polk Street, and on Lucado Place). The two-story, side-hall plan house rests on a high stone English basement, and features an original shed-roofed, one-story back porch of a type known to locals of the period as a “shelving porch.”</p><br>
<p>Directly across the street at 522 Jackson (118-5318-0036) is a somewhat unusual four-bay, -story house. Constructed in 1817, the brick building is laid in three-course American bond, which is not often found as a bond on primary elevations of Lynchburg houses (the nearby c. 1813 Dicks-Elliott House also features this bond throughout), and is atypically fenestrated by 6/6 double-hung sash on the first floor with 9/9 double-hung sash on the second floor. Nearby at 911 Sixth Street is a mirror image of the house at 522 Jackson. Also constructed in 1817, the William Phaup House (118-0226-0246) also displays a four-bay façade, but the entry door is located in the left center bay instead of the right center bay. The brick dwelling is laid in Flemish bond on the façade, with variable three and four-course American bond on the gable ends. Like 522 Jackson, the Phaup House exhibits the stylistic faux-pas (in Adamesque terms) of not diminishing the size of the windows on upper floors. The facade is fenestrated by 6/9 double-hung sash on both the first and second levels, and as late as the 1980s, contained a second floor entry door as well (now replaced by a window) and a small two-story porch (this may not have been an original feature).</p><br>
<p>Rounding out the Fifth Street Historic District’s collection of early buildings is the two-and-a-half-story brick house at 514 Polk Street (118-5318-0046), which, like 911 Sixth Street, was likely built as a speculative investment by William Phaup as early as 1817. However, this is where the similarities between the two Phaup houses end. The house at 514 Polk Street began as a two-bay building, and the right bay was added soon after to create the present widely-spaced three-bay façade, which is laid in Flemish bond. As a cost-saving measure, secondary elevations are laid in five-course American bond. Like the building at 612 Fifth Street, this house features a kneelered (parapeted) gable roof. The left (original) kneeler is capped by coping of half-round bricks, while the right kneeler is flat. Windows on the first floor are 9/1 double-hung sash, and are 6/1 double-hung sash on the second floor.</p><br>
<h3>Mid 19th Century Tobacco Factories</h3><br>
<h3>Early 20th Century Commercial Buildings</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1915, the Humbles Building at 901 Fifth Street (118-5318-0039) is an impressive three-story, two-part commercial block edifice faced with yellow brick laid in a running bond on the Fifth and Jackson Street elevations. The upper windows are capped by a row of soldier bricks, and the storefront area is framed by a series of soldier and rowlock bricks. The M.R. Scott Meat Market (118-5318-0023) at 700 Fifth Street is one of the most architecturally refined buildings along Fifth Street. Designed by Lynchburg architects Samuel Preston Craighill and Bennett Cardwell in 1919, the one-story building features the name “M.R. Scott” engraved on a panel of Vermont white marble, and squares of “antique verde marble” accent the area above the storefront. The storefront is dominated by brick pilasters with cement caps, and a recessed panel of basket-woven brick spans the top of the façade. The three-story, three-bay, two-part commercial block building at 709 Fifth Street (118-5318-0028) features brick quoining on the upper two stories, which are visually separated by a series of three stuccoed diamond panels. The windows on the upper two levels of the circa 1936 building are capped by brick splayed jackarches with cement keystones.</p><br>
<h3>Automobile-oriented Buildings</h3><br>
<p>One of the first automobile-oriented buildings in the district was built in 1927 for the Miller Tire and Battery Company (118-5317) at 400 Fifth Street. The original portion (first floor) of the building is constructed of hard-fired rusticated brick. The most unusual feature of the building was a diagonal porte-cochere on its north corner that allowed drivers to stop at the building, visit the business office, and perhaps check their tire pressure without being exposed to the elements. This pass-through was supported on its extreme northern corner by a single brick pillar. In the 1940s, the porte-cochere was infilled, and a second story was added to the building.</p><br>
<p>The district also features two smaller, later automobile or auto parts retail buildings. Built in 1951 for Hoskins Pontiac, the building at 1018 Fifth Street (118-5318-0050) features a polygonal façade that is dominated by an angular metal canopy, yellow brick laid in a running bond, and polished aluminum doorframes. A service area along the Polk Street elevation is fenestrated by a short row of steel hopper windows topped by large vertical panels of thick green corrugated glass. The Burnett Tire Company building at 403 Fifth Street (118-5318-0004) was likely designed by the Lynchburg architectural firm of Cress & Johnson (Carl Cress and Stanhope S. Johnson) in 1956, and features a striking angular glass storefront that conveys a modern sense of upward movement and speed.</p><br>
<p>Several early to mid-20th century service stations are also located along Fifth Street, the most notable being the eclectic Spanish Revival-style filling station at 1100 Fifth Street (118-5318-0051) at Fifth Street’s key intersection with Monroe Street and Park Avenue. Built in 1927, the building follows the box-and-canopy form. Identical to the station at 1201 Rivermont Avenue (118-0334-0112), the building features a gable-front porte-cochere covered with green terra cotta tiles. A pair of globe light fixtures tops the porte-cochere’s two end supporting columns.</p><br>
<h3>Other notable buildings</h3><br>
<h4>Moser Furniture Company</h4><br>
<p>A departure from other commercial buildings in the district, the Moser Furniture Company building at 409 Fifth Street (118-5318-0005) appears more domestic than commercial. The -story, single-pile Colonial Revival style building was built in 1936. A scaled-down version of a previous concept, the current building was designed in 1933 by Stanhope S. Johnson and R.O. Brannan. Displaying all of the elements of a “proper” building of the style and period, the brick store is laid in Flemish bond, features a steeply-pitched side gable roof covered with Buckingham slate with three dormers and a modillioned cornice, and two corbeled interior end chimneys flank the main building. A pair of smaller wings is set back from the primary plane of the façade, and a pair of large bay windows flanks the single-leaf entry door, which is surrounded by a pedimented frontispiece. A long, two-story warehouse and furniture factory constructed of concrete masonry units projects from the rear of the main building.</p><br>
<h4>Fifth Street Baptist Church</h4><br>
<h4>Community Funeral Home</h4><br>
<p>What appears to be the district’s most recent building, the Community Funeral Home at 909 Fifth Street (118-5318-0040) is actually a historic building with a modern shell. The right-hand portion of the building was constructed in 1922 as a two-story, two-part commercial block brick building with two storefronts separated by a doorway that led to a stairway to the second floor. The second floor façade contained an unusual central space that may have been a large window or perhaps a recessed balcony (period photographs do not clearly show this space due to shadows created by a cloth awning overhead). In 1976, Lynchburg architect J. Everette Fauber, Jr. created two design options for an upgrade and expansion of the building. The first option involved reconfiguring the left storefront of the building to include Gothic-style arched chapel windows, with a modern addition to the left (south) of the building. The second option, which is what was chosen, covered the entire façade of the historic building with a blank canvas of running bond brick, and joined to it a one-story addition with a striking, recessed angular entry. While obscuring the historic façade, Fauber’s second design achieved its purpose of marrying the two buildings and creating a cohesive architectural statement.</p><br>
<h4>Multi-family Residences</h4><br>
<p>Lastly, two residential buildings from the mid-20th century are worthy of mention. Somewhat unusual for multifamily dwellings of the period and area, the duplex at 411-413 Polk Street is a one-story building constructed of brick laid in five-course American bond. Built in 1940, the duplex’s spartan four-bay façade contains a pair of single-leaf entry doors in the two central bays, and each outer bay contains a 1/1 double-hung sash window. The doors and windows are capped by flat jackarches of soldier bricks, and a band of soldier bricks encircles the building at the water table. The building is covered by a flat roof that is obscured from view by a parapet wall that features shallow corbelling near the top. The large brick building at 600 Monroe Street, originally known as the Tal-Fred Apartments (118-5318-0059), rises two stories above Monroe Street, although the Sixth Street elevation contains three stories over a basement. Built circa 1940, the building apparently contained six relatively large apartment units. Covered by a hipped roof with vented dormer, the building’s primary entrance features a single-leaf entry door flanked by sidelights and topped by a semi-elliptical fanlight. The doorway is sheltered by a wooden canopy suspended by chains. In 1949, architect Pendleton S. Clark designed interior and exterior modifications, which likely included a greenstone patio enclosed by a low brick wall with greenstone coping that is located between the building and Monroe Street.</p><br>
<h2>Statement of Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Fifth Street Historic District includes approximately 23 acres of commercial district and residential clusters to the southwest of Lynchburg’s central business district. The district includes more than 55 contributing resources and less than 10 non-contributing resources.</p><br>
<p>The Fifth Street Corridor began its development in the early nineteenth century as a gateway to Lynchburg, connecting the booming town with points westward as evidenced by transportation-oriented businesses of the period with names like the Kentucky Hotel (118-0177) and the Western Hotel (118-0020). During the late nineteenth century, Fifth Street (also known variably as Seventh Alley, Cocke Street, or West Street) served as the site of uses that would seem to be incompatible; it hosted high-end residential areas for Lynchburg’s white population while at the same time serving as the principal scene of commerce for the area’s African American community. “The Negro in Virginia,” a milestone report published by the Virginia Writers’ Project of the Works Progress Administration in 1940, described Lynchburg’s Fifth Street along with Roanoke’s Henry Street, South Avenue in Petersburg, and Second Street in Richmond, as a place where “the ‘crowd’ may be found almost every evening… here is a little oasis – ‘our street.’ Race pride is triumphant; here one need bow and scrape to no one. Drug stores, cafes, barbershops, pool halls, grocery and clothing stores, news-stands and theaters…are operated for Negroes by Negroes.” In addition to serving as the center of African American business in the twentieth century, the corridor developed as a major automobile sales and service district, serving as host to filling and service stations, tire and auto parts stores, and automobile showrooms.</p><br>
<p>The Fifth Street Historic District has a period of significance ranging from 1800 to 1964, beginning with the date of construction for the oldest standing resource in the district and concluding with the end of significant commercial expansion within the boundaries of the district. It is locally significant under Criterion A in the areas of commerce and transportation for its role in the commercial and physical development of the City of Lynchburg. The Fifth Street Historic District is also locally significant under Criterion A for its role as a center of African American commerce and culture from the late nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century. Also locally significant under Criterion C for its important collection of domestic and commercial architecture, the district boasts examples of the Federal (and early nineteenth century Virginia vernacular), early twentieth century commercial, Art Deco, Colonial Revival, and modern styles. The district displays substantial integrity of location, material, association, design, and workmanship.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<h3>Commercial and Transportation Corridor</h3><br>
<p>In January 1805, the Virginia General Assembly adopted an act that incorporated the town of Lynchburg, thus allowing the mayor and common councilmen to become a “body corporate” which was authorized to erect public works and buildings. In addition, the act provided for the expansion of the original 1786 limits of the town, and new thoroughfares, including Seventh Alley (alleys ran perpendicular to the James River) were formalized. As the system of two-acre blocks, each containing four half-acre lots, spread westward, the winding old Ferry Road, which had provided access to Lynch’s Ferry at least since 1757, was merged with Seventh Alley. Thus, travelers heading westward to the communities of New London, Liberty (now Bedford), Salem, and the Cumberland Gap would cross the James River via Lynch’s Ferry (this ferry would be replaced by a toll bridge in 1812), proceed up Water Street (now Ninth Street), turn right on Second Street (now Main), and then left onto Seventh Alley (now Fifth Street). Seventh Alley headed up the long incline from the James River, crested what is now known as Court House Hill, and proceeded in a southwesterly direction, ultimately connecting with the New London Road (later designated as the Lynchburg & Salem Turnpike, or Fort Avenue).</p><br>
<p>Due to the volume of traffic coming from and going to the western parts of Virginia, Seventh Alley (now known as Fifth Street) was in a prime position for commercial growth. Until circa 1805, virtually all commercial activity in Lynchburg took place along what is now known as Main Street, as well as at the bottom of what is now known as Ninth Street where the ferry (and later toll bridge) crossed the James River. Between 1797 and 1805, 13 out of 14 non-residential Lynchburg properties insured by the Mutual Assurance Society of Virginia were located on Main Street. Around this time, Seventh Alley also became known as Cocke Street, probably because merchant and civic leader Thomas W. Cocke owned at least two lots along the corridor prior to 1805. Another alternate name for the route was “West Street,” which may have originated from the surname of West, but more likely because the street was the route taken to proceed in a westerly direction.</p><br>
<p>Not surprisingly, the popularity of the route as a transportation corridor also led to the construction of several taverns along Fifth Street in the second decade of the 19th century, which marked Lynchburg’s first building boom (which was tempered only by the financial panic of 1819). In 1814, James Mallory purchased lot number 395 (at the corner of what is now known as Jackson and Fifth Streets) from Israel Snead. The original three-bay section of the house at 900 Fifth Street (118-0177) may have been standing at this time, and Mallory likely expanded the house to its present five-bay configuration soon after he purchased the property. Mallory’s tavern would soon be known as the Kentucky Hotel, an obvious reference to the ultimate destination of many Fifth Street travelers, and was the primary landmark in the area, as an 1817 appointment of road surveyors refers to the “road leading by James Mallory’s (called West Street).” Jacob Feazle purchased the tavern from Mallory in 1826 and then married Ann Cobbs, owner of 514 Polk Street (118-5318-0046), in 1829. Two years later, Jacob and Ann sold the tavern to Pleasant Partin for the respectable amount of $3,100. The Kentucky Hotel was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Nichols’ Tavern (118-0020) was built in 1815 and almost immediately burned due to sparks emanating from a blacksmith shop across Fifth Street. It was rebuilt in the same year due to an outpouring of support from the community, who raised more than $1,300 to assist Mr. Nichols and his family. Joseph Nichols was an experienced tavern keeper, as he was issued his first license in 1799, although the location of his previous tavern is unknown. Joseph and Lewis Nichols operated the tavern at 600 Fifth Street through 1822. John F. Johnson operated the business from 1824 until his death in 1843, when his widow, Mary, took over. She served as the tavern keeper until 1850, when she was listed as a resident in the household of Allen J. Black, a tavern keeper. During the Johnsons’ ownership, the tavern became known as the Western Hotel. The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>In 1818, William Shaw began operating a tavern at his house (already well-known as “Travelers Rest”) at the southeast corner of what is now Court and Fifth Street. In particular, Shaw catered to children, as he noted that the property was convenient to three schools. Fisher’s Auto Parts Warehouse (118-5317) now occupies the site of Travelers Rest.</p><br>
<p>The presence of two extant taverns dating to the early 19th century is significant, as it is thought that only three taverns from the period remain in Lynchburg (the third being Major Oliver Towles’ tavern at 1200-1204 Main Street). In 1816, at least 16 taverns operated in the town.</p><br>
<p>Naturally, retailers began to establish themselves along Fifth Street during the same period. Peter Detto may have operated a store (or perhaps even a tavern) soon after his 1805 purchase of a lot on the southwest corner of what is now Clay and Fifth Streets. In 1818, merchant Benjamin Perkins acquired the lot at the southeast corner of Fifth and Harrison Streets and promptly sold it to Archibald Robertson, surviving partner of Brown Robertson & Co. Scottish-born merchant William Brown, who died in the Richmond Theatre Fire of 1811, had numerous mercantile connections throughout Virginia, including at Otter Bridge in Bedford County, Milton in Albemarle County, and Manchester opposite Richmond. Following Brown’s death, Archibald Robertson took over a great deal of the business operation. Robertson operated several stores (including one at what is now Seventh and Main Street), and many of Lynchburg’s leading citizens were his customers. Thomas Jefferson was a longstanding customer of the firm, and at the time of his death in 1826, Jefferson owed $6,000, or 6% of his total debt, to Robertson. Robertson constructed at least two buildings on the lot, and merchant Lindsay B. Padgett purchased the lot from Robertson’s estate in 1844. Specializing in ready-made clothing and dry goods, Padgett operated stores on both Main Street and Cocke (Fifth Street). He owed substantial debts to many individuals and companies, and mortgaged his real and personal properties in order to secure the debts. Padgett apparently defaulted on the note, and an October 1847 Lynchburg Virginian advertisement announced the public sale of his property, including “all ready made clothing now in his store on Cocke Street.” Retail grocer James M. Cochran purchased the store building, then referred to as the “Red House,” at 708 Fifth Street (118-5318-0027) in 1849.</p><br>
<p>Another early store is located at 612 Fifth Street (118-5318-0018), and was probably built by Lilbourn Johnson in 1827. The previously-mentioned merchant Lindsay Padgett purchased the building around 1839. Like Federal period taverns of Lynchburg, store buildings of the period are very rare in the city, and these two buildings are part of a group of less than half a dozen extant and recognizable pre-1830 commercial buildings in Lynchburg.</p><br>
<p>In his 1835 gazetteer of Virginia, Joseph Martin noted that the “Lynchburg and eastern turnpike, running S.W. through New London and Liberty, is now completed half the distance.” The macadamized road “enters Lynchburg at the lower end of town. To accommodate the wants of the other end, an arm has been constructed from Cocke, or West Street (the northernmost alley) intersecting the turnpike a mile and a half from town.” The turnpike mentioned was also known as the Lynchburg & Salem Turnpike, and entered Lynchburg by the route of current Fort Avenue, which turned into Twelfth Street. An 1825 map submitted to the General Assembly shows that “7th Alley or Cocke or West Street” turned into the “Road to Bedford,” and that a road that “connects with Turnpike” veered off of it well after it left the town of Lynchburg (the outer limits were marked by what is now Taylor Street). Using this map and Martin’s description, it can be ascertained that the “Road to Bedford” followed what is now Fifth Street along its present course southwest of College Hill, then followed Memorial Avenue to the vicinity of the present E.C. Glass High School, where it turned to the west and followed the course of Lakeside Drive and Forest Road. The road that, in 1825, connected Fifth Street with the turnpike, followed the course of modern Memorial Avenue, and intersected the turnpike at what would later become the site of Fort Early. Fifth Street businesses likely fought for more convenient access to the Lynchburg & Salem Turnpike, as this route required two miles of travel between the edge of Lynchburg along Fifth Street before one intersected with the turnpike road. The “arm” that Martin described as accommodating the “wants of the other end” of town would have departed Fifth Street at its intersection with Monroe Street, and intersected the turnpike at the place called “Watering Branch,” exactly one and a half miles from downtown. This route, followed today by a portion of Park and Fort Avenues, only required Fifth Street residents to travel one mile before they reached the turnpike. This simple roadway improvement guaranteed Fifth Street’s continuance as a commercial center into the second half of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>By the time of the Civil War, the Fifth Street corridor was home to a number of tobacco warehouses and factories. As casualties from the field began to pour into Lynchburg, which was quickly becoming a major hospital center, all large buildings in the city were appropriated for use as hospitals. By 1862, Reid’s and Booker’s warehouses, near the intersection of Fifth, Church, and Court Streets, comprised Division 1 of General Hospital Number 1, and Division 3 consisted of Burton’s Warehouse (on the west side of Fifth between Harrison and Federal) and Candler’s Warehouse, which was on the east side of Fifth near Polk. Many casualties from the hospitals throughout town were sent to what is now known as the Old City Cemetery (118-0027) at Fourth and Monroe Street for burial.</p><br>
<p>In June 1864, Fifth Street played a supporting role in the defense of the city against an attack by Federal General David Hunter. Susan Leigh Blackford recounted that “General Breckinridge, with some troops, got here on Wednesday night, and as we saw them passing out West Street…the streets were lined with women, waving their handkerchiefs and cheering them on as they moved out onto a line on the hills west of the city.” Cadets from the Virginia Military Institute arrived on June 16, and were ordered to dig defensive lines in the area of Fifth Street as it crested College Hill. That night, the cadets slept amongst the gravestones at the Old City Cemetery. The fighting on June 17 and 18 was primarily limited to the outer defenses, and Lynchburg’s inner defenses that stretched from the Old City Cemetery across Fifth Street, and along the ridge of College Hill, were not tested in battle.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, tobacco manufacturing continued along the Fifth Street corridor. An 1877 map of Lynchburg shows S.P. Halsey’s Prizery at the south corner of Fifth and Clay Streets. The Myers factory was located between Harrison and Federal near Fourth Street, and an unnamed factory was at the north corner of Fifth and Federal. A major complex of tobacco manufacturing buildings was next to the Kentucky Hotel (these were likely built by Pleasant Partin), while Hatcher’s factory was across Fifth Street on the north corner of Fifth and Polk. Lastly, a second facility owned by S.P. Halsey was on the south side of the intersection of Fifth Street and Park Avenue. Two examples of tobacco warehouses from the 19th century remain in the district. R.E. Gist’s Plug and Twist Tobacco Factory (118-0075) and A.M. Bruce’s Plug and Smoking Tobacco Factory (118-5318-0001) are both located in the 400 block of Court Street, and were constructed between 1877 and 1885.</p><br>
<p>In 1883, a new city fire station was constructed at 514 Fifth Street (118-5318-0011). “Fire Station No. 1,” which boasted 15 men, 1 steam engine (pulled by 4 horses), 1 hose wagon (pulled by 2 horses), and 1 hook and ladder (pulled by 4 horses), served for more than four decades before being supplanted by a new Art Deco style facility designed by Clark and Crowe at the intersection of Fifth and Church Streets (demolished). Biggers School (called the “Fifth Avenue Public School” in 1890), located at the west corner of Clay and Fifth Streets, opened in 1881 with a capacity of 305 students. The large building was designed by August Forsberg, and was demolished in 1967. Except for the school and the Gist, Bruce, and Halsey tobacco facilities, the “lower” end of Fifth Street (the 200-400 blocks) was primarily residential in nature during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The 500 block contained a bakery & confectionery, two grocery stores, an ice cream parlor and dairy, a drug store, the Lynchburg Steam Laundry, and the newly constructed Fifth Street Fire Station (118-5318-0011), which was labeled “Fire Station No. 1.” The 600 and 700 blocks of Fifth Street boasted 18 stores, a restaurant, wood working shop, and the former Phoenix Carriage Works at Fifth and Federal. Three of these stores remain, including the early 19th century buildings at 612 and 708 Fifth (118-5318-0018 and 118-5318-0027, respectively) and the circa 1850 brick building at 620 Fifth Street (118-5318-0021). The 900 and 1000 blocks of Fifth Street contained six grocery stores (including R.H. Padgett’s store, which occupied an ancient c. 1800 store at the corner of Polk and Fifth that was demolished in the mid-20th century), two shoe stores, a candy store, a barber, and two tobacco factories (J.B. Evans & Son and Loyd Phelps & Co.).</p><br>
<p>By the end of the first quarter of the 20th century, the automobile had firmly taken hold in Lynchburg, and the burgeoning city was even home to the Piedmont Motor Car Company, one of only two companies in Virginia that actually manufactured automobiles (this factory was located just over a mile northwest of Fifth Street). New businesses were needed to serve the needs of the now-ubiquitous machines, and gas stations, tire stores, and other establishments began to spring up all over town. Some of the first auto-oriented development that took place along Fifth Street occurred in the previously-residential 400 block. In 1928, the city directory announced that 400 Fifth Street was occupied by the Miller Tire & Battery Company, while the Lynchburg Battery & Ignition Company was located at 406 Fifth Street (both buildings are now joined, and are designated as 118-5317). Ferdinand D. Miller was the proprietor of Miller Tire & Battery at 406 Fifth Street, which sold Hood Tires and Willard Batteries. By 1935, the building was home to Goodyear Service Automobile Tires under the management of Oliver E. Miles. By 1940, the business was being operated under the name of “New Tread Company Vulcanizing” by D. Earl Burnett. The business specialized in recapping, retreading, and vulcanizing tires, and was a distributor for the USA Tire Company. Burnett purchased the building from E.H. Hancock in 1943, and was operating the Burnett-Benson Tire Company on the site by 1945. In addition to USA Tires, the business sold Seiberling Tires, radios, sporting goods, and home appliances. A 1945 advertisement boasted that they were the “most comprehensive tire service in Lynchburg.” By 1955, Burnett-Benson Tire Company had been renamed to simply Burnett Tire Company, and the firm was selling aircraft parts in addition to their automotive parts and accessories. The next year, the company commissioned the architectural firm of Cress & Johnson to design a modern, streamlined facility across the street at what would become 403 Fifth Street (118-5318-0004).</p><br>
<p>Other purpose-built automobile-oriented commercial buildings in the district include filling stations at 1100 Fifth (118-5318-0051) and 801 Fifth (118-5318-0032), the Hoskins Pontiac Company showroom at 1101 Fifth (118-5318-0052), and the garages at 619 Fifth (118-5318-0020), 420 Monroe (118-5318-0056), and 507 Harrison Street (118-5318-0022).</p><br>
<p>In 1930, the Lynchburg firm of Johnson and Brannan designed a new bus terminal at the intersection of Fifth and Church Streets for A.F. Young, operator of the nearby Virginian Hotel at 726 Church Street (118-5163-0076). This Greyhound depot (demolished) was the first of two such facilities constructed along Fifth Street, which was part of Lynchburg’s primary north-south transportation network. In 1953, a Trailways bus station was constructed at 512 Fifth Street (118-5318-0010). Several residential and commercial buildings along Fifth Street were demolished to make room for the station, and in 1962, the building became known as the Union Bus Station, serving both Trailways and Greyhound passengers. At this time, additional houses along Clay and Madison Streets were demolished to provide larger parking areas. According to Greyhound officials, this instance was the first time (in company history) that the two bus lines had shared a single facility.</p><br>
<p>In 1931, Fifth Street was designated as USA Highway 29, which connected Maryland to Florida. Following the construction of the Lynchburg Expressway, Fifth Street was redesignated as USA 29’s business route. While long-distance traffic may have decreased, local traffic was on the rise as Lynchburg grew and the Fifth Street corridor found itself between downtown and the midtown area, which contained Pittman Plaza (Lynchburg’s first shopping center), which was completed in 1960. To increase traffic flow, on-street parking was removed from Fifth Street in order to create two lanes of southbound traffic. In the early 1970s, the Virginia Department of Transportation developed a plan to further increase traffic flow through the area by turning Fourth Street (a narrow residential neighborhood-serving roadway) into a one-way thoroughfare for vehicular traffic, while converting Fifth Street to all one-way in the opposite direction. This plan, along with the assumed significant right-of-way acquisitions that would need to be made in order to enact it, had a chilling effect on any reinvestment that might have otherwise occurred along Fifth Street. Like downtown Lynchburg (and most other downtowns during the 1970s), the Fifth Street commercial district suffered a decline due to large shopping areas including Pittman Plaza and River Ridge Mall, which opened in the early 1980s.</p><br>
<h3>African American Commercial & Cultural Center</h3><br>
<p>Following the Civil War, African Americans realized new opportunities as well as limitations. While amendments to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and granted citizenship to African Americans, a new system of racial discrimination, known as “Jim Crow,” soon emerged. The majority-controlled society denied African Americans access to respectable jobs and many commercial services, and African Americans formed parallel economies in their own communities.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1880s, most of Fifth Street was predominantly occupied by white residents or business owners. The 400, 600, and 900 blocks had close to twenty percent African American occupancy, while the 1000 block and beyond was generally occupied by a black majority. By 1900, the percentage of African American residents began to increase somewhat, particularly along the 900 block of Fifth Street. By 1910, an African American-dominated business district had evolved in the three block area between Federal and Monroe Streets. Black business owners may have obtained a foothold in the district due to opportunities created by a weak economy in the early years of reconstruction, but the African American business community’s rise to prominence was not simply due to passive acceptance of what may have been considered undesirable property by the white business community. Rather, several successful black business leaders, along with newly formed fraternal and social organizations, made significant investments in the corridor by constructing a number of large commercial buildings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The vanguard of these black business owners included boot and shoe makers Pitman Walker and James Ross, grocer Nelson James, and barber J.O. Ross, who were all operating in the 1000 block of Fifth Street as early as 1881.</p><br>
<p>During this time, many black fraternal organizations were formed, “creating social outlets for those seeking camaraderie as well as a sense of belonging in the face of a larger society that neglected them.” These groups promoted the concept of “self-help,” and played a key role in development of a black middle class in southern cities like Lynchburg.</p><br>
<p>By 1872, African American men in Lynchburg formed a local chapter of the Order of True Reformers, a fraternal organization. In 1893, they constructed the landmark building known as the True Reformers Hall (later known as the Harrison Theatre) in the 900 block of Fifth Street on the site of Pleasant Partin’s tobacco factory. Perhaps the first “mixed use” building on Fifth Street, the massive three-story edifice contained a large auditorium, offices, a lodge hall for the True Reformers, and several storefronts at street level. Perhaps as important for its cultural, social, and commercial contribution to the district as its architecture, the True Reformers Hall was demolished in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The African American population in Lynchburg was on the decline by the late 19th century, largely due to the reduction of employees needed in the various tobacco warehouses and factories in the city, which were major employers of blacks. Newer industries in the area, including cotton mills and shoe factories, only employed white laborers (due to necessity if for no other reason, many of these companies would later employ blacks). Despite the reduced role that tobacco played in Lynchburg’s economy, the Stalling & Company tobacco factory, which occupied the former Myers building at Fourth and Federal Streets, employed area residents well into the 20th century. James B. Harvey (1928-1984) worked at the Stallings Factory in the 1950s. His son, Richard, later wrote that he “went to visit my father once at the Tobacco Factory on Fourth Street…His boss cursed and talked to him as if he was less than a dog. I swore, not one time in my life, would I be subjected to this bigotry.” Dubois Miller worked at the factory one summer, and he later recounted that he would “come home smelling like tobacco, and I didn’t smoke, so I didn’t appreciate it. But I needed the money for school, and it was seasonal work.” The G. Stalling & Co. Factory was destroyed by fire in 1976.</p><br>
<p>As educational and economic opportunities for African Americans increased, entrepreneurism also increased. In 1904, Lynchburg’s black population operated 2 billiard saloons, 2 theatres, and 2 livery stables. There were 3 African American physicians or veterinary surgeons, 3 undertakers, 2 attorneys, 5 hucksters (street vendors), 1 plumber, 1 electrical contractor, 1 chiropodist, 23 barbers, 27 merchants, and 32 houses of private entertainment (private lodging facilities that did not serve alcohol). Thus, to some extent, the black community began to mitigate the effects of segregation in the industrial workplace with their own business opportunities, many of which operated on Fifth Street (or Fifth Avenue, as it was sometimes called during this period).</p><br>
<p>By 1900, the Kentucky Hotel (118-0177), a former tavern and residence, was the home to Smith’s Business College, which provided educational opportunities to African Americans. Its students included Rev. George Robert Jones of Suffolk, who graduated in 1897. An 1899 advertisement in the Richmond Planet announced that the school offered courses in “phonographic, penning, commercial, English…”, and a 1908 publication lauded T. Parker Smith, the school’s director, as “one of the pioneers” in the work of training African Americans in the principles of business. Smith, a Missouri native who graduated from Lincoln University in 1888, married Clara Alexander of Lynchburg. By 1911, they had moved to Durham, North Carolina, where he was the Dean of the Commercial Department at the National Religious Training School, and Clara served as the head of the Teacher’s Department. By 1934, Smith was operating a new Smith’s Business College in Kansas City, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>In 1915, local African American businessman Adolphus Humbles (1845-1926) built what is known as the Humbles Building (118-5318-0039) at 901 Fifth Street. Like the True Reformers Hall, the Humbles Building is a large, three-story, mixed use facility that contained two storefronts on the first floor and an auditorium on the second floor. Humbles was a successful merchant in Campbell County, and operated the toll road between Lynchburg and Rustburg (the seat of Campbell County). He served as the Treasurer of both the Virginia State Baptist Convention and the Virginia Theological Seminary and College (now known as the Virginia University of Lynchburg), where the school’s main building bears his name. Also active in politics, he served as Chairman of the Campbell County Executive Committee for the Republican Party for thirteen years.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, the former Gist Tobacco Factory at 410 Court Street (118-0075) was converted into Mill No. 2 of the Lynchburg Hosiery Mills Company (Mill No. 1 was on Fort Avenue), which had the specific purpose of employing African American women. At the time, it was said that no other business or industry in Lynchburg had hired black women, who, up until this point, were limited to performing domestic work in white households. Mill No. 2 operated until 1971, and generally employed between 150 and 200 black women at any given time. As at Mill No. 1, the segregated employees of Mill No. 2 formed a “Lynchburg Hosiery Mills Association,” which provided benefits including an early form of medical insurance, disability benefits, unemployment benefits, and savings plans. When the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964, the two separate Lynchburg Hosiery Mill Associations were merged, and both black and white employees then belonged to the same association.</p><br>
<p>As previously mentioned, three African American undertakers were in business in Lynchburg at the turn of the century. John Shuemaker & Co. operated at 417 Monroe Street, and was a former partner with Squire Higginbotham. Their funeral home, established in 1868, is thought to be the oldest black business of the type in Lynchburg. Squire’s son, McGustavus (1868-1934), owned the firm of Strange & Higginbotham, which was located at 909 Fifth Street (118-5318-0040). This business was the predecessor to the current Community Funeral Home, which was established by M.W. “Teedy” Thornhill, Jr. Thornhill served on Lynchburg City Council from 1976 to 1992, and in 1990, was elected as Lynchburg’s first African American mayor. C.V. Wilson’s Funeral Home was located at 810 Fifth Street, but was demolished in 1968 to make additional car lot space for Adams Motor Company. Carl Hutcherson, Sr. erected a new funeral home at 918 Fifth Street (118-5318-0042) in 1963. Hutcherson was the first African American to serve on the Lynchburg School Board, and his son, the Rev. Carl B. Hutcherson, Jr., took over the mortuary business, served on Lynchburg City Council from 1996 to 2006 (he was Mayor from 2000 to 2006).</p><br>
<p>On March 5, 1918, a group of African American women rented the house at 613 Monroe Street (118-5318-0061) in order to begin Y.W.C.A. programs for women of color. Soon after, Adela Ruffin, Field Secretary for all black Y.W.C.A. participants in the South, came to Lynchburg to encourage local leadership to create a separate chapter, but her suggestion was tabled. In 1919, however, an official Phyllis Wheatley Branch was formed in Lynchburg, and 15 African American women established a Committee of Management. The Central Association (white-controlled organization), located on Church Street, offered to help the Phyllis Wheatley Branch in “any way that it could, but was unable to assist financially.” In 1924, the trustees of the Old Dominion Elks Lodge #181, who had purchased 613 Monroe from the Merchants National Bank of Raleigh in 1919, sold the house to the Y.W.C.A. for $4,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1937, it was reported that the branch had outgrown their building at 613 Monroe, and that a committee had been formed to evaluate their options. While the branch had saved money for renovations through the years, they would also need to obtain support from the community. Amy Jordan, a teacher at a “colored college” (Virginia Theological Seminary) was the chairman of the Committee of Management, and Grace Booker, a native of Columbus, Ohio, was Executive Secretary of the branch. Later, Booker became the first African American Director of the Metropolitan Y.W.C.A. in Baltimore.</p><br>
<p>An undated brochure produced by the Phyllis Wheatley Y.W.C.A. sought to raise $45,000 for the purpose of moving the branch from its house at 613 Monroe Street, which was labeled as “Old—Outgrown” to a larger building at 600 Monroe Street, which was labeled “Modern—Adequate.” 600 Monroe Street was known as the “Tal-Fred Apartments” (118-5318-0060), and was built circa 1940 on property formerly occupied by the Independent Order of St. Luke. The newly-constructed apartment building appears to have contained six spacious units, all of which were occupied by African Americans. The Phyllis Wheatley Branch apparently raised the necessary funds to acquire the property, and hired prominent Lynchburg architect Pendleton S. Clark to plan modifications to the building’s interior. The Y.W.C.A. branch moved into the building by 1950, and it is still owned by the organization today. The Y.W.C.A. program in Lynchburg was integrated in the early 1970s.</p><br>
<p>In 1924, the house at 1014 Fifth Street (118-5318-0049) was occupied by the Elks Rest, a facility for African Americans. In 1936, Willis Sandidge was the manager of the Elks Rest, and Old Dominion Lodge #181, IBPOE (Elks) used the building as its principal office and meeting location. In need of additional assembly space, the organization added a large concrete masonry unit addition to the rear of the building by 1951, and the grocery store operated by James Harper and later Robert Miller at 1016 Fifth Street was incorporated into the Elks Lodge complex.</p><br>
<p>For most of the first half of the 20th century, the Kentucky Hotel (118-0177) at 900 Fifth Street served as the Odd Fellows Hall, with rental office space on the first floor and the second floor contained the lodge hall itself. In 1954, the building housed the Grand Order of the Odd Fellows, Odd Fellows Lodge No. 1475, St. Luke’s Lodge No. 1475, Sons of Zion Lodge No. 1446, and West Hill Lodge No. 1704.</p><br>
<p>By 1962, the Augustine Leftwich House at 614 Federal Street (118-5318-0063) began a new life as the “Masonic Home.” Joseph C. Watson resided at the house (perhaps as a manager or caretaker) and the building housed the Star of the West Lodge No. 24 (AF&AM), Order of the Eastern Star Lynchburg Chapter No. 40, and Order of the Eastern Star Goodwill Chapter No. 125 (all of these were African American organizations). The building at 614 Federal Street continues to serve the Star of the West Lodge today.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Fred L. Lander, Jr. (1898-1941) a veteran of World War I, had an office at the corner of Fifth and Polk Streets (demolished in 1992). He was one of the first African American physicians to use sulfa drugs to treat venereal diseases, a serious health problem during the 1930s, when three times as many Virginia blacks as whites died of syphilis. Dr. Leon Braswell’s (1904-1958) office was located at 808 Fifth Street (demolished); he practiced from 1937 to 1958. In 1949, he was named state Vice President of the National Medical Association. Dr. Clarissa Wimbush (d. 1986) was the first black female dentist in Virginia, and earned her D.D.S. degree from Howard University. She opened an office at 911-913 Fifth (demolished 1979) in 1926, and practiced more than fifty years.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Augustus Nathaniel Lushington (1869-1939) was born on Trinidad in the West Indies and is believed to be one of the first African Americans in the country to receive a degree in veterinary medicine, which he earned at the University of Pennsylvania in 1897. His home and practice was located in the house at 1005 Fifth Street (118-5318-0048). From 1959 until he retired, Dr. Kyle M. Pettus (1881-1967) occupied Lushington’s house.</p><br>
<p>In all, more than twenty physicians practiced on Fifth Street, primarily in the 800-1000 blocks. The Humbles Building hosted at least nine doctors and dentists over the years. In support of the many physicians along the corridor was pharmacists Harry W. Reid (1892-1969). Reid opened his pharmacy, first called Bacchus & Reid, in 1919 at the Humbles Building. By 1930, there were twenty-one black-owned drugstores in the State of Virginia. The 1940 Lincoln Memorial Book of Lynchburg (a locally-produced African American business and cultural directory) stated that Reid’s “place of business is thoroughly modern, in appearance and in every other respect. It is the only drug store in the city owned and operated by colored people and it is a real credit to Lynchburg.” In 1936, Reid moved his business to the New Era building, a large mixed-use facility (similar to the Humbles Building and the True Reformers Hall) located at 919 Fifth Street (it was demolished in 1992).</p><br>
<p>African Americans with medical training were not the only benefactors of Lynchburg’s health care community. Whit N. Brown (1895-1946) was a New York native and enjoyed success as a “real estate proprietor” in Lynchburg. Locally, he was known as the “King of Fifth Street.” His lifelong friend, Harry Reid, later recounted that Brown “was very honest in his thoughts. The Negroes have been working since 1925 to get a hospital of their own, but Whit wouldn’t agree. ‘Lynchburg Hospital belongs to the whole city,’ he told them, ‘us as much as anybody, and we don’t want to improve and pay for what we get over there.’” When Brown died in 1946, he donated his entire estate to Lynchburg General Hospital, including the brick duplex at 411-413 Polk Street (118-5318-0043) that he had constructed as rental property only six years earlier. Lynchburg General Hospital kept the building (likely earning income from residential rentals) until 1971.</p><br>
<p>The Lynchburg Branch of the N.A.A.C.P. (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) sponsored the Legacy Project to provide educational exhibits and programs on the history and culture of African Americans in the area. The Legacy Project received 501(c)3 nonprofit status in 1995 and acquired a dilapidated house at 403 Monroe Street two years later. Lynchburg architect Kelvin Moore was engaged to help transform the 100-year-old house into a modern museum. A Capital Fundraising Committee was formed to raise $300,000, and a Collections Committee was formed to solicit and archive artifacts for the permanent collection. On June 25, 2000 a celebratory dedication and grand opening was held, and the Legacy Museum of African American History hosts a number of changing exhibits about black culture in the region.</p><br>
<h2>Fifth Street Today</h2><br>
<p>The Drum is an 18th-century country house and estate on the outskirts of Edinburgh, Scotland. Located between the Gilmerton and Danderhall areas, The Drum is 4 mi south-east of the city centre. The Drum was the seat of the Lords Somerville from the later Middle Ages, who built a 16th-century house on the estate. This was replaced in the 1720s with a classical house by William Adam. Sold by Lord Somerville in the early 19th century, the house remains in private hands.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the Middle Ages the area was part of a royal hunting forest named Drumselch, which extended north to Holyroodhouse. The lands were held by the Herring family until the 14th century, when Sir Walter de Somerville of Linton and Carnwath (d.1380) married Geilles, daughter of Sir John Herring of Gilmerton. By this marriage Sir Walter acquired half of the Gilmerton estate, including the lands of Drum. Sir Walters grandson Thomas (d.1434) was created Lord Somerville by King James I, and The Drum remained in Sir Walters family until 1800.</p><br>
<p>During the 16th century a dispute arose between the Lords Somerville and another branch of the family over the possession of Gilmerton and The Drum. This was resolved in 1578 after several years of legal debate, in favour of Hugh Somerville, 7th Lord Somerville (1547–1597). Subsequently, Lord Somerville re-established himself at The Drum, and in 1584 he commissioned the mason-architect John Mylne to build a new house. The project was advised by Somerville&#39;s kinsman Robert, Lord Seton, and the house was built between June 1584 and October 1585. It was damaged by fire some years later, and again in 1629, but was rebuilt each time. It was described by the 11th Lord Somerville in 1679:</p><br>
<p>In 1726 James Somerville, 13th Lord Somerville (1698–1765), commissioned the present house at The Drum from the architect William Adam. The new house incorporates the ground floor of the 16th-century mansion in its west wing. A matching east wing was planned but never built. The pediment over the entrance bears the arms of Lord Somerville and his first wife, while over the fireplace inside the Somerville arms are shown with those of his second wife, indicating the date of the interior as after 1736. The Palladian design of the façade has been criticised for its "slightly muddled use of classical elements", with a central Venetian window and rusticated pilasters on the first floor apparently unsupported by any similar structure on the ground floor. The interior is decorated with "magnificent stucco work". The curved double stair leading to the main entrance was added in 1782. William Adam also laid out new parks around the house, including avenues focused on several buildings and monuments, few of which survive. From 1756 the Edinburgh Mercat Cross was located at The Drum, following its removal from the High Street, until its restoration in 1866. A replica is now located by the stables.</p><br>
<p>The estate was broken up in the early years of the 19th century, with the house purchased in 1862 by John More Nisbett, who also purchased much of the original grounds. His second son Hamilton More Nisbett (1868–1955) trained as an architect under John Kinross, and inherited The Drum on his older brother&#39;s death in 1939. His architectural practice was afterwards based at The Drum, and he published a history of the house. The Drum is still owned and occupied by the More Nisbett family.</p><br>
<p>The Drum is a category A listed building. The parks are included on the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens, and are described as a "good example of William Adam&#39;s formal style of landscape design carried out in the 1700s with the structure still relatively intact today."</p><br>
<p>Eastwood Manor is a Grade II listed building in the village of East Harptree in the English County of Somerset.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A house was built at Eastwood by Sir John Newton, using stone from Richmont Castle, during the 16th century, although its exact location is not known.</p><br>
<p>The current Eastwood Manor was built in 1871. It was built by Charles Adams Kemble (son of the Reverend Charles Kemble rector of Bath) who bought Eastwood Farm, including the Grade I listed Eastwood Manor Farm Steading, and used stone from the local quarry to construct the house. The quarry is approximately 100 m south of the current house. It includes the entrances to two small barite or ochre mines.</p><br>
<p>In 1892 Charles Adams Kemble sold it to William Bateman Hope who extended it and installed electrical wiring, making it one of the first houses in Somerset to have electric lights. In the 1930s the house was occupied by the Wardell Yerburgh family and then by the businessman Sir Foster Robinson who died there in 1967.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Eastwood Manor is in a Gothic Revival style. The two-storey building has an attic and tiled roof.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 a swimming pool was added to the northern rear elevation.</p><br>
<h2>Garden</h2><br>
<p>At one time the gardens covered 18 acre with 820 acre of surrounding farm and parkland.</p><br>
<p>The garden contains an avenue of lime trees and other mature tress, herbaceous borders, terraces and a spiral mound. There was once a kitchen garden but this is now a paddock.</p><br>
<p>The Rahnfels is a hill in the Palatine Forest in Germany, about 2 kilometres northwest of the ruins of Hardenburg castle. With a summit height of the Rahnfels is the highest point in the Palatine Forest north of the River Isenach.</p><br>
<h2>Summit plateau</h2><br>
<p>On the summit plateau of the Rahnfels there is an observation point, the Frankenthaler Hut. This simple, wooden refuge hut was erected in 1906 by the Frankenthal branch of the Palatine Forest Club and offers shelter to hikers in inclement weather.</p><br>
<p>During the Cold War there was a US Forces radio relay site and a telephone call forwarding facility for the DSN network on the southern side of the summit. The tarmac road to the summit dates to this period and ends today at an enclosed and privately owned forest clearing in which the ruins of the military installation are still recognisable.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The Rahnfelsen may be accessed either on a scenic, country walk(Waymark: red dot) or via the L518 state road, which starts at the southern edge of Leistadt at a roundabout. At kilometre 7 a tarmac lane branches off to the left on a right-hand bend. After about 1.5 km the summit plateau is reached.</p><br>
<p>Pisanitsa Island  is the rocky island in the Meade group off Archar Peninsula, the northwest extremity of Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands extending 270 m in southwest-northeast direction and 60 m wide. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.</p><br>
<p>The island is named after the settlement of Pisanitsa in Southern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Pisanitsa Island is located at 62&deg;26&prime;48&Prime;S latitude, 60&deg;03&prime;14.5&Prime;W longitude, which is 1.26 km west by north of Duff Point, 120 m northeast of Cave Island and 3.6 km southeast of Pyramid Island. British mapping in 1968 and Bulgarian mapping in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov.. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. (Second edition 2010, )</p><br>
<p>Dinea Island  is the flat rocky island off the north coast of Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands extending 290 m in north-northwest to south-southeast direction and 130 m wide. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.</p><br>
<p>The island is named after the ancient Roman fortress of Dinea in Northeastern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Dinea Island is located at 62&deg;26&prime;40&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;55&prime;09&Prime;W longitude, which is 1.35 km west-northwest of Aprilov Point, 840 m east-northeast of Miletich Point, 880 m east of Kabile Island and 2 km southwest of Ongley Island. Bulgarian mapping in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov.. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. (Second edition 2010, )</p><br>
<p>The M. E. Blanton House is a two-and-a-half-story Craftsman style historic building in the community of Aloha in the USA state of Oregon. Built in 1912, it is situated along Southwest 170th Avenue less than a block south of Tualatin Valley Highway. The interior of the 3,000 ft2 house is of the Arts and Crafts style. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 and is used as a law office.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land where Blanton House sits was first owned by Portland butcher Arthur Johnson. Starting in 1857 he began buying land west of Portland and eventually ended up with over 1,400 acre that his estate sold in 1909 to the Merchants Savings and Trust. In 1907, the Southern Pacific Railroad started service in the area, which was converted to an electric interurban line in 1914, and had a station at Huber.</p><br>
<p>The bank sold the land it had acquired from the estate to William A. Shaw, a partner in the Shaw-Fear Company.</p><br>
<p>Blanton’s employer developed the area and donated five lots to build a school, with Blanton grading the road through what was then the community of Huber. Tualatin Valley Highway was built in 1918 adjacent to the railroad. In 1922, Blanton sold his house to the Avondale Farm Company, with the property going through several ownership changes during the next thirteen years before Leonard H. and Alice M. Place bought it in 1935. The Places owned the home until 1949, and it was later used as a group home for drug and alcohol dependency. In 1929, the interurban railroad ceased service. Blanton house was turned into a commercial office in 1987. On February 3, 1989, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, attorney Lauren J. Paulson purchased the property and restored it. Washington County decided in 1999 to widen 170th Avenue, which would eliminate much of the yard and cause the removal of two arched entrance ways along with several trees. After a year of proposals, the project was approved in April 2001 despite neighbors objecting to the project, including Paulson. Paulson even filed an appeal with the Oregon Land Use Board of Appeals, but it was rejected in September 2001. As of 2013, the building was used as the law office for Paulson.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Blanton House has 3,000 ft2 with seven bedrooms over storeys, plus a full basement. There is also a matching pump house and small pool on the grounds. The pool was the only pool in Aloha. When the property was listed on the NRHP it also had decorative entrances to the property consisting of two archways, but those were removed due to a road widening project.</p><br>
<p>The exterior is of the Craftsman style with horizontal lap siding and a hip roof. There are gables with truss ornaments and dormers in several places, plus a brick endwall on the south side. The building has two porches, and at the time of listing on the NRHP it had leaded, double-hung sash windows. Inside, the style is Arts and Crafts, which includes dark woodwork throughout. The first floor includes a living room, dining room, den, kitchen, foyer, and a small bathroom. The second and third floors consist of seven bedrooms and one bathroom, while the basement is unfinished. There are also a variety of pieces of built-in wood-furniture, such as a bench.</p><br>
<p>Nikudin Rock  is the high, round rock of diameter 180 m and split in northeast-southwest direction, lying off the north coast of Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.</p><br>
<p>The rock is named after the settlement of Nikudin in Southwestern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Nikudin Rock is located at 62&deg;23&prime;01.7&Prime;S latitude, 59&deg;50&prime;33&Prime;W longitude, which is 2.25 km west-northwest of Emeline Island, 1.3 km north by east of Stoker Island and 4 km east-southeast of Romeo Island, and is separated from neighbouring Holmes Rock to the east-northeast by a 150 m wide passage. British mapping in 1968 and Bulgarian mapping in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov.. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. (Second edition 2010, )</p><br>
<p>Melyane Island  is the southernmost of Dunbar Islands off Varna Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands. The feature is ice-free, extending 280 m in southeast-northwest direction and 90 m wide. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.</p><br>
<p>The island is named after the settlement of Melyane in Northwestern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Melyane Island is located at 62&deg;28&prime;44.2&Prime;S latitude, 60&deg;11&prime;23&Prime;W longitude, which is 250 m south of Balsha Island, 1.27 km west of Slab Point and 2.52 km north-northeast of Kotis Point, Livingston Island. British mapping in 1968 and Bulgarian mapping in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov.. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. (Second edition 2010, )</p><br>
<p>Pogledets Island  is the northernmost of Dunbar Islands off Varna Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands. The feature is ice-free, crescent shaped facing southwest, and extending 200 m in north-south direction and 170 m in east-west direction. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.</p><br>
<p>The island is named after Pogledets Peak in Rila Mountain and its namesake in Stara Planina, Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Pogledets Island is located at 62&deg;27&prime;39.7&Prime;S latitude, 60&deg;09&prime;30&Prime;W longitude, which is 860 m northeast of Zavala Island, 450 m northwest of Aspis Island and 1.45 km southwest of Williams Point, Livingston Island. British mapping in 1968 and Bulgarian mapping in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov.. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. (Second edition 2010, )</p><br>
<p>Dlagnya Rocks  are the several contiguous rocks in Zed Islands off Varna Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands extending 540 m in north-south direction and 60 m wide. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.</p><br>
<p>The rocks are named after the settlement of Dlagnya in Northern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Dlagnya Rocks are centred at 62&deg;25&prime;38&Prime;S latitude, 60&deg;09&prime;39&Prime;W longitude and situated 150 m east of Esperanto Island and 100 m west-southwest of Goritsa Rocks. British mapping in 1968 and Bulgarian mapping in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>Scale 1:200000. Admiralty Nautical Chart 1776. Taunton: UK Hydrographic Office, 1968.</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov.. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. (Second edition 2010, )</p><br>
<p>Goritsa Rocks  are the two contiguous rocks in Zed Islands off Varna Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands extending 330 m in northwest-southeast direction and 70 m wide. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.</p><br>
<p>The rocks are named after the settlements of Goritsa in Northeastern and Southeastern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Goritsa Rocks are centred at 62&deg;25&prime;32&Prime;S latitude, 60&deg;09&prime;25&Prime;W longitude and situated 100 m east-northeast of Dlagnya Rocks and 2.82 km west-southwest of Pyramid Island. British mapping in 1968 and Bulgarian mapping in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov.. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. (Second edition 2010, )</p><br>
<p>Toledo Island  is the southern of two rocky islands in Smyadovo Cove on the west coast of Rugged Island in the South Shetland Islands. The feature is 320 m long in east-west direction and 110 m wide. It is separated from Rugged Island to the southeast and Prosechen Island to the north by 40 m and 60 m wide passages respectively. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.</p><br>
<p>The island is named after Joaquín de Toledo y Parra (1780-1819), Captain of the Spanish warship San Telmo that sank with 644 men on board off the north coast of Livingston Island in September 1819.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Toledo Island is located at 62&deg;37&prime;29&Prime;S latitude, 61&deg;18&prime;04&Prime;W longitude, which is 1.23 km south of Cape Sheffield and 300 m north by west of Ugain Point. Spanish mapping in 1992 and Bulgarian mapping in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. (First edition 2009. )</p><br>
<p>L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.</p><br>
<p>Prosechen Island  is the northern of two rocky islands in Smyadovo Cove on the west coast of Rugged Island in the South Shetland Islands. The feature is 500 m long in east-west direction and 140 m wide. It is separated from Rugged Island to the north and Toledo Island to the south by 70 m and 60 m wide passages respectively. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers.</p><br>
<p>The island is named after the settlement of Prosechen in Northeastern Bulgaria.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Prosechen Island is located at 62&deg;37&prime;23&Prime;S latitude, 61&deg;17&prime;44&Prime;W longitude, which is 1.04 km south of Cape Sheffield and 500 m north by east of Ugain Point. Spanish mapping in 1992 and Bulgarian mapping in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Roßberg near Ramberg in the county of Südliche Weinstraße in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate is, at, the third highest mountain in the Palatine Forest.</p><br>
<p>The Roßberg lies in the Haardt, the eastern mountain range of the Palatine Forest in the Palatine Forest Nature Park. Its summit rises 1.5 km east of the municipality of Ramberg on the territory of the village of Burrweiler, 3.7 km to the southeast. The Ziegelbach stream, a right tributary of the Modenbach, rises on the eastern side of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Roßberg is entirely forested. There is no clearing at the top that enables views of the surrounding countryside. From the south the summit may be reached on a forest track. Another approach from the east is overgrown in places.</p><br>
<p>Jerinas town, Brangović  is an archaeological site of an early medieval fortress, located in the village of Brangović, western Serbia. The fort is located on the east bank of the Gradac.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The locals ascribed the city walls to the fairy "curse" of Jerina. The site is also called Brangovići (Бранговићи) The ruins were called "Runaway" (Бежане) by the people as it was used as a hiding place from the Ottomans.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The fortress is located in Brangović (Бранговић), also known as Branegovići (Бранеговићи), situated 7 km southwest from the city of Valjevo. It was built on a high cliff on the west slopes of Branig hill, on the west riverside of the Gradac.</p><br>
<p>The site is under the auspices of the municipality of Valjevo and the Ćelije Monastery.</p><br>
<h2>Fortifications</h2><br>
<p>The fort is an irregular angular shape, 320 by 220 m. The highest point is located at altitude 441 m and the lowest at 268m. The structure is topped with towers, from which long walls descend on a sharp slope viewing the river.The preserved fortification area is 3 hectare, among the largest in northwestern Serbia. Vestiges indicate that the walls were from cut stone and lime mortar. Two sides feature sharp edges, strengthened almonds to prevent access. On the third side "Duzon" guard tower built at the end of narrow steep rocks that are difficult to pass. On the fourth side the fortress was protected by the river. On the top of the fortress, from the east side, a 5x7 m tower rose. On the west side at the lowest elevation is a 7,1 x 6,6 m tower. Other towers are thought to be similar in size.</p><br>
<p>There are remains of a 5th-6th century church that was destroyed in a Avar or Slavic attack at the end of the 6th century. It was built on the foundations of a building that burned in the 4th century, with dimensions of 13 m by 9 m. Its walls rose 1.7 m to 1.3 m above the cliffs fronting the river. Near the church was found two more premises (connected to the church, with the walls younger than the church walls) and a tomb 2 x 1 m, that was robbed in the ancient period, with the remains of four persons.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city was built in the 4th century to serve as an episcopal seat in the Roman Balkans. Researchers found the a remains of a church and the remains of the episcopal throne within. The fortress and the city were destroyed and rebuilt several times during barbarian invasions. In the 10th century it was abandoned, perhaps due to a Magyar-Serb conflict during Serbian Prince Časlav (r. 926–960). The church was only about two feet from the cliffs in the southwest corner of the fortress. This indicates that within the walls of the city there was a well-developed settlement that hosted many buildings. The church was built on the city&#39;s outskirts. Stratigraphic data in tower 1 and the church dates to around the 6th century.</p><br>
<p>The citys construction techniques belong to the tradition of early Byzantine military architecture. During the 6th century, starting from the reign of Anastasius I Dicorus came a major renovation of the northern part of the Empire. The renovation lasted until the middle of the century. The fortress may have been built in that time. The Gradac canyon was of great importance during the Roman Empire because, it reached one of the main cities, Simriy, near the metalliferous area of Podrinje and east Bosnas border. Trade reached Dalmatia and was one of the key economic systems of this part of the Empire. The fortress may have been built on an earlier city. Archaeologists found two layers of arson and destruction, one from the first half of the 5th century, and the other from the end of the 6th century. It developed into a significant regional center that likely connected to the minerals industry in the region. The fortifications were possibly improved later, at the end of the 4th century, to protect the settlement from the river. Communities within the city walls were later moved a few miles downstream, on the Grabac and Kolubara deltas, where the core of the modern city of Valjevo formed.</p><br>
<p>Evidence of bitter struggle between Slavs against invaders was excavated, including remnants of broken arms lost in combat and metal objects (primarily iron used to build wooden structures). The need for metals at that time led the Slavs to sift through the ashes looking for metal.</p><br>
<p>Little remains of the fortress&#39; walls and buildings. Among the most interesting locations within the fortress is the remains of the "donjon" (keep) tower, episcopal church and Lent premises. The National Museum of Valjevo contains artifacts of Jerina.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Veselin Čajkanović believed that the Slavic name Jerinin grad was actually derived from Hellene ethnonym. This is implied also by the fact that the city emerged under the Roman Empire, and then became part of the Byzantine (eastern) empire. The city&#39;s first large-scale destruction came from Huns and their allies. Towards the end of the 5th century, the Byzantines retook it. As Slavs and Serbs arrived in this Greek-dominated empire, it is logical that they called towns "Hellenic" (Greek). Another interpretation is that the term "damned Jerina" (prokleta Jerina) comes from the oldest Slavic fairy (vila) and that "damned" means condemned to eternal wandering in the ruins of the city.</p><br>
<p>The Giant City Stone Fort Site is the site of a prehistoric stone enclosure located within Giant City State Park in Jackson County, Illinois, United States. The Stone Fort dates to the Late Woodland period and was constructed and used in the period from c. AD 600-900; it is one of ten such sites known in Southern Illinois. All ten were constructed atop either promontories or hilltops; the Giant City site is in the former group, as it sits atop a sloped ridge. The purpose of these enclosures is unclear; while archaeologists originally theorized that they were military fortifications, the present archaeological consensus suggests that the sites were used as meeting places or ceremonial locations of some nature.</p><br>
<p>The original stone wall of the fort was dismantled by European settlers in the region, who used the stone as a building material; the stone base is all that remains of the original wall. In 1934, the Civilian Conservation Corps reconstructed the wall while improving the state park. The first professional archaeological investigations of the site were conducted in 1956 by archaeologists from Southern Illinois University, while the first in-depth survey of the site took place in 2000-2001. The site is accessible to park visitors via a nature trail.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 9, 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Schindhübel is a hill, that rises in the middle of the Palatine Forest in Germany, 5 kilometres southwest of Elmstein.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is part of the central massif of this mountain range and also lies on the Palatine Watershed. This massif stretches roughly from Hochspeyer via Johanniskreuz to the B 10 federal highway near Hauenstein. The region between Johanniskreuz and Hermersbergerhof is rather like a high plateau that is bounded by deeply incised valleys.</p><br>
<p>From the Eschkopf hill, the ridge runs northwest over the Schindhübel to the Bloskülb near the Elmstein village of Iggelbach. This ridge separates the upper tributaries of Speyerbach and Helmbach.</p><br>
<h2>Viewing tower</h2><br>
<p>On top of the Schindhübel is a 17-metre-high observation tower, which was built in 1975 by an engineer unit from Speyer. From here there are views of the eastern Palatine Forest as far as the Haardt, as well as the striking mountain mass of the Donnersberg to the north and, in good visibility, the great Hornisgrinde mountain in the Northern Black Forest, 83 kilometres away to the south. To the west the view is limited by the nearby Eschkopf.</p><br>
<p>Two kilometres northwest, in the direction of the Bloskülb and Iggelbach, are the wall foundations of a forester&#39;s lodge which was allocated to the "Hunters from Electoral Palatinate" (Jäger aus Kurpfalz).</p><br>
<p>The Presque Isle Lodge is a rustic hotel located at 8211 East Grand Lake Road in Presque Isle, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1910s, construction began on what is now US-23, opening northern Michigan in general, and this area around Grand Lake specifically, to more tourism. One of the families to take advantage of this was that of Newell A. Eddy, Sr., and his wife, Marianna McRuer Field Eddy. Eddy was a lumberman from the Bay City area, and the couple purchased the land around where the Lodge sits for their personal recreational use. The land was purchased in several transactions over the period 1908-13. Their son Newell A. Eddy Jr. (born in 1880) also used the property.</p><br>
<p>In about 1920 Eddy Jr. had this lodge constructed on the family&#39;s property. Eddy also built the knotty pine furniture within the Lodge, with the help of area craftsmen. After the opening of the Lodge, Eddy established the "Habitant Shops of Presque Isle Lodge," which constructed similar furniture for guests. The shop first operated from the Presque Isle Lodge property, but by 1922 had moved to Bay City.</p><br>
<p>Newell A. Eddy Jr. died in 1940. His family sold the Lodge in 1944. Milton A. Underwood and his wife, Bessie C. Underwood, purchased it in 1947. They operated the Lodge until Bessie Underwood&#39;s death in 1977. Robert G. and Laurie E. Spencer, acquired a partial interest in the Lodge in 1986, and reopened it as a bed and breakfast in 1989. They purchased the remaining interest in 1997. The Lodge continues to operate as a bead and breakfast.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Presque Isle Lodge is a two-story gable-roof rustic wood-frame structure measuring 150 feet bo 36 feet. The exterior is faced with half-log sidong on the first floor and board-and-batten siding on the second. The main entrance is sheltered under a low gable-roof porch supported by two log front posts. A screened porch is on one end of the building, surrounding a massive fieldstone chimney.</p><br>
<p>The entryway opens into a lobby with wood flooring and a massive fireplace. Log posts support the second floor, and doors near the fireplace also access the exterior porch. The main floor also houses an office, a small gathering space, bathrooms, and large dining room. The staircase to the second floor is in the center of the lobby. On the second floor, the lodge&#39;s visitor rooms are arranged along both sides of a central hall that runs from end to end of the building.</p><br>
<p>The lodge contains a large collection of the Habitant Shops rustic furniture.</p><br>
<p>The Presque Isle County Courthouse, also known as the Onaway Courthouse, is a government building located on the corner of State and Maple Streets in Onaway, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1978 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Merritt Chandler was born in 1843 near Adrian, Michigan. He made a forture in lumbering and then in building roads; in 1886 he platted the village of Onaway. By 1903, Onaway had a population of 3000, making it the largest settlement in Presque Isle County. In 1908, Chandler constructed this building and donated it to the county in an effort to wrest the county seat away from Rogers City. The drive failed, but as a compromise, county court sessions were alternated between Rogers City and Onaway until the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The building served various functions over the years, but began to fall into disrepair. In the late 1990s, restoration efforts began, and over $1 million was spent to improve the heating and electrical system, replace the roof and windows, refinish the interior, and install a clock in the clocktower. As of 2009, the building houses the Onaway Branch of the Presque Isle District Library, the Onaway Historical Museum, the Chamber of Commerce, and offices of the City of Onaway.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Presque Isle County Courthouse is a two-story asymmetric structure built of poured concrete block building on a fieldstone foundation. Its Eclectic design incorporates Italian Villa, Romanesque, and Renaissance Revival styles. It has a low-pitched hip roof with overhanging eaves supported by bracketry, and a square off-center tower.</p><br>
<p>Cape Farewell Archipelago  is an island group located at the southern end of Greenland in Kujalleq municipality. The archipelago takes its name from Cape Farewell, a headland of Egger Island .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Cape Farewell Archipelago is separated from the mainland&#39;s south coast by Prince Christian Sound in the north and by the Torsukattak Fjord in the west. The main islands of the group are characterized as large and mountainous, surrounded by fjord-like passages. There are also several islets and rocks.</p><br>
<h3>Islands</h3><br>
<p>Sammisoq (Christian IV Island) is the largest island of the archipelago. Other significant islands include Egger Island (Itilleq), the southernmost of the group, Nunarsuaq (Nunarssuak), Pamialluk, Annikitsoq, Qunnerit, Ikeq, Walkendorff and Qernertoq (Kasit), as well as the Avallersuaq and Saningassoq islets.</p><br>
<p>The Floed–Lane House, also known as the Creed Floed House, is a Classical Revival house in Roseburg, Oregon. It was completed in 1854, although some researchers believed the year was 1860. The house is a standard, two up and two down design with upper and lower story porches. It was home to the daughter of Joseph Lane and generations of descendants of the Lane family until it was donated to the Douglas County Historical Society in 1960, following damage sustained in the Roseburg Blast of 1959. The Lane family intended the gift as a memorial to Joseph Lane and family.</p><br>
<p>Aaron and Sarah Rose, for whom Roseburg is named, sold an acre of their 1851 Donation Land Claim to Solomon and Hyman Abraham in 1860. The Abraham brothers purchased an additional acre from Rose in 1861. Speculation exists about whether the Floed–Lane House had already been constructed on the property purchased by the Abraham brothers. In 1866, Roseburg merchant John Creed Floed and his wife, Sarah Emily Lane, daughter of Joseph Lane, purchased an acre from the Abrahams, and the house was part of the transaction. General Lane lived in a two-room house nearby but spent his daylight hours with his children and grandchildren in nearby houses, including the Floed–Lane House.</p><br>
<p>The house is known by several names, including the Lane House, the Joseph Lane House, and the Creed Floed House, and the description accompanying the NRHP nomination form begins, The Lane House General Joseph "Creed floed House" in Roseburg was built in 1853–54. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Steigerkopf, also colloquially called the Schänzel, near Edenkoben in the county of Südliche Weinstraße in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, is a mountain, in the Palatine Forest. At the summit, which lies on the territory of Gommersheim, is the Schänzel tower.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Steigerkopf lies in the eastern part of the Palatine Forest in the eponymous nature park. Its summit rises about 7 kilometres west-northwest of the small town of Edenkoben on the western rim of a group of mountains that are all over; 4 kilometres to the northeast is the highest peak in the Palatine Forest, the Kalmit. The summit and those parts of the mountain in the northeast belong to the forest parish of Gommersheim, which form an exclave of this municipality around 17 km to the west of Gommersheim itself. Geologically the Steigerkopf is a northwestern outlier of the high Kesselberg, whose top is 2 km (as the crow flies) away. The Modenbach, a right tributary of Speyerbach, rises on the southwestern flank of the mountain on which the Gommersheim Forest lies.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Schänzel</h3><br>
<p>Colloquially the Steigerkopf has also been referred to as the Schänzel ("little rampart") since about 4,500 Prussian soldiers built a sconce there in summer 1794. The earthworks were built to delay the 7,000 French Revolutionary troops who had been dispatched to conquer the German territories west of the Rhine. The French were victorious, however, following a decisive and bloody battle on 12 and 13 Jul 1794, after a local hunter from the nearby village of Dernbach had guided them into the rear of the Prussian position on the second day. The Prussian commander, General Theodor Philipp von Pfau (1727–1794), was taken prisoner after being severely wounded and died the same day.</p><br>
<h3>Schänzel tower</h3><br>
<p>A hundred years after the event, the Schänzel Tower (Schänzelturm) was built at the summit of the Steigerkopf in memory of the defeated Prussians in recognition of German victory in the 1871 Franco-Prussian War. It is an octagonal observation tower, 13 metres high and made of hewn bunter sandstone. The viewing platform on top of the tower is protected by railings.</p><br>
<p>The observation tower was dedicated in 1894 by the Schänzelturm Society of Edenkoben as follows:</p><br>
<p>The Radka–Bradley House also known as the Bradley House, was built as a private house at 176 West Michigan Avenue in Rogers City, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, and is now the Presque Isle County Historical Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This house was constructed in 1914 by George J. Radka, a local contractor and the owner of a planing mill. Radka died unexpectedly at the end of 1914, and in 1915 the house was sold to J. L. Marsters, general superintendent of the Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company. Later that year, Marsters sold the house to his boss, Carl D. Bradley, a shipping magnate and president of Michigan Limestone and Chemical.</p><br>
<p>Bradley made extensive revisions to the home, enlarging it considerably. Bradley lived in the house until 1928, when he died unexpectedly during a vacation to Pasadena, California.</p><br>
<p>After Bradleys death and in accordance with his contract, Michigan Limestone purchased the house from his widow. Bradleys successor as president, John G. Munson, lived there from 1928 to 1939. When Munson moved along to a higher position in USA Steel, Michigan limestones parent company, the house passed to his successor Irvin L. Clymer, who lived here until 1950. When Clymer was likewise promoted, USA Steels northern district manager Joseph Valentin occupied the house until his retirement in 1957.</p><br>
<p>After Valentin&#39;s retirement, Michigan Limestone allowed the county to use the house as the Presque Isle District Library. The library moved into the building in 1957 and occupied it until 1980. The company then deeded the house to the Presque Isle County Historical Museum, who moved in in 1981. The building is still used as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Radka–Bradley House is a 1-1/2 story frame house with a side-gable roof covered with green shingles on a foundation covered with rounded cobblestones. A shed dormer runs across the front, and a single-story glassed in porch covers the entrance. Side porches are located at each end of the house. The roof rafters extend to the exterior of the house, and end in scalloped lower surfaces.</p><br>
<p>The house has seven bedrooms, four baths, and three sun porches.</p><br>
<p>Dry Bridge Elementary School, also known as East Martinsville Grammar School, is a historic Rosenwald school located at Martinsville, Virginia. It was built between 1928 and 1930, and is a one-story, rectangular brick building with a concrete foundation, brick walls and deck-on-hip roof. The building housed four classrooms. Annexation brought Dry Bridge School into the Martinsville School District in 1948, and a freestanding school addition was built beside Dry Bridge School in 1958. The two buildings were called the East Martinsville Grammar School. The school closed at the end of the 1967-1968 school year as the result of school desegregation in Martinsville. In 1969, MARC Workshop, Inc. began occupying the building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Martinsville Novelty Corporation Factory is a historic factory complex located at Martinsville, Virginia. The main factory was built in 1929, and is a long, three-story, brick building that was constructed for the purpose of manufacturing small pieces of furniture called “novelty” pieces in the furniture trade. Associated with the main factory are the contributing wood storage area and the kilns where the wood was dried; a long, metal Quonset hut; a railroad spur and trestle; a long concrete-block and frame storage building; and a small, rectangular, brick building that at one time housed a restaurant that served the employees of Martinsville Novelty and W. M. Bassett Furniture factory. The Martinsville Novelty Corporation was the last significant furniture concern established in Martinsville before the Great Depression. The factory closed in 1995.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Scuffle Hill is a historic home located at Martinsville, Virginia. It was built between 1917 and 1920, and it occupies the shell of an earlier house, built in 1905, which was gutted by fire in 1917. It is a two-story, brick mansion with a gable roof with dormers, two-story polygonal window bays, a poured concrete foundation, and granite belt courses. The front facade features a Doric order portico in the Colonial Revival style. The original house was built by tobacco magnate Col. Pannill Rucker and rebuilt and later owned by the Rives Brown family, and subsequently by the Pannill family, owner of Pannill Knitting. The home later became the parish house of Christ Episcopal Church. The home is named for the first plantation in Henry County, Virginia of Revolutionary War hero General Joseph Martin, who called his first acreage "Scuffle Hill," as he said he had to scuffle to come up with the money for it.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. It is located in the East Church Street-Starling Avenue Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Martinsville Historic District is a national historic district located at Martinsville, Virginia. It encompasses 94 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 3 contributing structures in the central business district of Martinsville. The buildings range in date from the early-19th century through the mid- 20th century and include notable examples of the Romanesque, Federal, and Colonial Revival styles. Notable buildings include the Henry County Courthouse , Peoples Bank , Globmans Department Store , Ford Building , USA Post Office , the Masonic Temple, the Henry Hotel , the Martinsville Hotel , First National Bank Building , the Knights of Pythias Building , Oakley Apartment / Office Building , the Chief Tassel Building , First United Methodist Church of Martinsville , Richardson&#39;s Motor Co. , Gravely Pin Factory , and Sale Knitting Plant .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
